Literature Database

Muir Kelsey C, Harris Dwight D, Kanuparthy Meghamsh, Hu Jiayu et al. · Cells · 2026-01-26 · PMID:41677601

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is initiated by the viral spike proteins, which are key structural components that mediate host cell binding and entry and alter downstream signaling through multiple interactions with endothelial surface rece…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is initiated by the viral spike proteins, which are key structural components that mediate host cell binding and entry and alter downstream signaling through multiple interactions with endothelial surface receptors.
• Endothelial dysfunction is a central consequence of COVID-19, contributing to vascular inflammation, barrier disruption, thrombosis, and multi-organ injury affecting the pulmonary, cardiovascular, cerebral, and renal systems.

Rios Francisco J, Montezano Augusto C, Camargo Livia L, Lopes Rheure A et al. · Cardiovascular research · 2026-01-18 · PMID:42150851

AIMS: Interferon (IFN) alpha (IFNα) and lambda3 (IFNλ3) constitute first line responses of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection by increasing interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Prolonged IFN production may exacerbate inflammation, contributing to endotheliitis and vascular dysf…

• AIMS: Interferon (IFN) alpha (IFNα) and lambda3 (IFNλ3) constitute first line responses of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection by increasing interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs).
• Prolonged IFN production may exacerbate inflammation, contributing to endotheliitis and vascular dysfunction in COVID-19.

Various · BMC Infectious Diseases · 2026-01-15

Definitive 2026 synthesis: spike detected in blood for months to years; tissue persistence in lymph nodes, heart, brain-meningeal borders. Tables 2 & 3 catalog fluids and autopsy tissues.

• Blood spike persistence reported up to ~709 days in some cohorts
• Vaccine mRNA and spike detected in multiple tissues via autopsy/biopsy

Hammarstrom Per, Nystrom Sofie · Blood advances · 2026-01-12 · PMID:42285033

Morcos Zachary L, Theoharides Theoharis C · Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2026-01-01 · PMID:41790576

Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or Long COVID, is estimated to affect over 60 million individuals globally, with almost half of COVID-19 survivors experiencing persistent symptoms such as neuropathic pain, fatigue, and autonomic dysfunction. Despite its prevale…

• Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or Long COVID, is estimated to affect over 60 million individuals globally, with almost half of COVID-19 survivors experiencing persistent symptoms such as neuropathic pain, fatigue, and autonomic dysfunction.
• Despite its prevalence, the pathophysiology of PASC remains poorly understood.

Mezache Louisa, Soltisz Andrew, Tili Esmerina, Nuovo Gerard J et al. · Scientific reports · 2025-01-30 · PMID:41028062

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have a 1.7-fold higher arrhythmia risk with rates of cardiac complications ranging from 2% non-ICU patients to 59% in non-survivors. Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia, is a frequent complication of acute and long COV…

• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have a 1.7-fold higher arrhythmia risk with rates of cardiac complications ranging from 2% non-ICU patients to 59% in non-survivors.
• Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia, is a frequent complication of acute and long COVID-19.

De Cae Sieglinde, Van Molle Inge, van Schie Loes, Shoemaker Sophie R et al. · Nature communications · 2025-01-30 · PMID:40447603

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies can prevent severe disease in SARS-CoV-2 exposed individuals. However, currently circulating virus variants have evolved to gain significant resistance to nearly all neutralizing human immune system-derived therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that …

• Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies can prevent severe disease in SARS-CoV-2 exposed individuals.
• However, currently circulating virus variants have evolved to gain significant resistance to nearly all neutralizing human immune system-derived therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that had previously been emergency-authorized for use in the clinic.

Utz Ashley, Armbrust Matt, Nguyen Thuy-Tien T, Morris Mary Kate et al. · Nature communications · 2025-01-29 · PMID:41318533

A major challenge during viral pandemics is the ability to develop therapeutics whose efficacy can withstand viral genetic evolution. During the COVID-19 pandemic, five SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics were rendered ineffective within a period of 2 years, leading…

• A major challenge during viral pandemics is the ability to develop therapeutics whose efficacy can withstand viral genetic evolution.
• During the COVID-19 pandemic, five SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics were rendered ineffective within a period of 2 years, leading to the U.S.

Olmedillas Eduardo, Rajamanickam Roshan R, Avalos Ruben Diaz, Ana-Sosa-Batiz Fernanda et al. · Cell reports · 2025-01-26 · PMID:40705599

The continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants necessitates the development of immunogens that promote broad and durable immunity. The SARS-CoV-2 S2 fusion subunit drives viral entry and has sequence conservation among coronavirus spike proteins. Therefore, S2 could represent an …

• The continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants necessitates the development of immunogens that promote broad and durable immunity.
• The SARS-CoV-2 S2 fusion subunit drives viral entry and has sequence conservation among coronavirus spike proteins.

de Melo Bruno Pereira, da Silva Jhéssica Adriane Mello, Rodrigues Mariana Alves, Palmeira Julys da Fonseca et al. · Viruses · 2025-01-25 · PMID:40431631

SARS-CoV-2 infection has had a significant impact on global health through both acute illness, referred to as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and chronic conditions (long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, PASC). Despite substantial advancements in preventing severe C…

• SARS-CoV-2 infection has had a significant impact on global health through both acute illness, referred to as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and chronic conditions (long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, PASC).
• Despite substantial advancements in preventing severe COVID-19 cases through vaccination, the rise in the prevalence of long COVID syndrome and a notable degree of genomic mutation, primarily in the S protein, underscores the necessity for a deeper understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms related to the S protein of SARS-CoV-2.

de Melo Bruno Pereira, da Silva Jhéssica Adriane Mello, Rodrigues Mariana Alves, Palmeira Julys da Fonseca et al. · Viruses · 2025-01-25 · PMID:40431629

SARS-CoV-2 infection has resulted in more than 700 million cases and nearly 7 million deaths worldwide. Although vaccination efforts have effectively reduced mortality and transmission rates, a significant proportion of recovered patients-up to 40%-develop long COVID syndrome (LC…

• SARS-CoV-2 infection has resulted in more than 700 million cases and nearly 7 million deaths worldwide.
• Although vaccination efforts have effectively reduced mortality and transmission rates, a significant proportion of recovered patients-up to 40%-develop long COVID syndrome (LC) or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 infection (PASC).

Fanti Silvia, Dyer Carlene, Ingimarsdóttir Inga Jóna, Harding Daniel et al. · Circulation · 2025-01-25 · PMID:41164857

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to the first approval of mRNA vaccines in humans. By producing the full-length SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, they induce protective antiviral immunity. Acute myopericarditis (AMP) development after vaccination has repea…

• BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to the first approval of mRNA vaccines in humans.
• By producing the full-length SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, they induce protective antiviral immunity.

Kumar Sahil, Delipan Rathina, Sharma Chanchal, Jadoun Jyoti et al. · Nature communications · 2025-01-19 · PMID:41257850

SARS-CoV-2 Spike - the sole neutralization target, is highly resilient to the immune pressure driving genetic evolution. While potency and breadth of neutralization are widely studied, the incomplete neutralization - the mechanism of resistance without needing genetic change - re…

• SARS-CoV-2 Spike - the sole neutralization target, is highly resilient to the immune pressure driving genetic evolution.
• While potency and breadth of neutralization are widely studied, the incomplete neutralization - the mechanism of resistance without needing genetic change - remains unexplored.

Lee Eunseuk, Ozigbo Adaobi Amelia, Varon Joseph, Halma Mathew et al. · Biomolecules · 2025-01-18 · PMID:41008646

Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (long COVID) present with persistent fatigue, cognitive impairment, and autonomic and multisystem dysfunctions that often go unnoticed by standard diagnostic tests. Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidati…

• Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (long COVID) present with persistent fatigue, cognitive impairment, and autonomic and multisystem dysfunctions that often go unnoticed by standard diagnostic tests.
• Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are central drivers of these post-viral sequelae.

Petito Eleonora, Gresele Paolo · Vaccines · 2025-01-17 · PMID:40573981

Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare thrombotic disorder first identified in 2021 as a catastrophic syndrome associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 adenoviral vector (AdV)-vaccine administration. It is characterized by the presence of oligo- or monoclonal anti-PF…

• Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare thrombotic disorder first identified in 2021 as a catastrophic syndrome associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 adenoviral vector (AdV)-vaccine administration.
• It is characterized by the presence of oligo- or monoclonal anti-PF4 antibodies able to induce in vitro platelet activation in the presence of PF4.

Westman Henrik, Hammarström Per, Nyström Sofie · Biochemistry · 2025-01-16 · PMID:41295749

Long COVID, or postacute sequelae of COVID-19 from SARS-CoV-2 infection, is a persistent debilitating disease affecting multiple systems and organs. Long COVID pathophysiology is a complex and not fully established process. One prevailing theory is that the formation of fibrin am…

• Long COVID, or postacute sequelae of COVID-19 from SARS-CoV-2 infection, is a persistent debilitating disease affecting multiple systems and organs.
• Long COVID pathophysiology is a complex and not fully established process.

Lesgards Jean-François, Cerdan Dominique, Perronne Christian · International journal of molecular sciences · 2025-01-15 · PMID:40869200

COVID affects around 400 million individuals today with a strong economic impact on the global economy. The list of long COVID symptoms is extremely broad because it is derived from neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and renal dysfunctions and damages. We review h…

• COVID affects around 400 million individuals today with a strong economic impact on the global economy.
• The list of long COVID symptoms is extremely broad because it is derived from neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and renal dysfunctions and damages.

Li Pei, Faraone Julia N, Hsu Cheng Chih, Chamblee Michelle et al. · mBio · 2025-01-14 · PMID:40136024

During the summer of 2024, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases surged globally, driven by variants derived from JN.1 subvariants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that feature new mutations, particularly in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike protein. …

• During the summer of 2024, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases surged globally, driven by variants derived from JN.1 subvariants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that feature new mutations, particularly in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike protein.
• In this study, we report on the neutralizing antibody (nAb) escape, infectivity, fusion, and spike stability of these subvariants-LB.1, KP.2.3, KP.3, and KP.3.1.1.

Fehrer Annick, Sotzny Franziska, Kim Laura, Kedor Claudia et al. · Journal of clinical medicine · 2025-01-08 · PMID:40004616

Background/Objectives: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated 3-6% of people suffer from post-COVID condition or syndrome (PCS). A subset meets the diagnostic criteria for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chron…

• Background/Objectives: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated 3-6% of people suffer from post-COVID condition or syndrome (PCS).
• A subset meets the diagnostic criteria for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).

Feng Ziqi, Kose Nurgun, Moreira Fernando R, Kimpel Anne L M et al. · bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025-01-07 · PMID:41278654

Entry of seasonal human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) into host cells is facilitated by sequential binding to sialoglycans and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) receptors. However, the neutralizing capacity of antibodies disrupting these receptor interactions have not been…

• Entry of seasonal human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) into host cells is facilitated by sequential binding to sialoglycans and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) receptors.
• However, the neutralizing capacity of antibodies disrupting these receptor interactions have not been examined.

Yang Ying-Fei, Ling Min-Pei, Chen Szu-Chieh, Lin Yi-Jun et al. · Viruses · 2025-01-05 · PMID:41012643

Long COVID, characterized by persistent symptoms following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a significant public health challenge with wide-ranging clinical and socioeconomic implications. Developing an effective risk assessment strategy is essential for the early ident…

• Long COVID, characterized by persistent symptoms following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a significant public health challenge with wide-ranging clinical and socioeconomic implications.
• Developing an effective risk assessment strategy is essential for the early identification and management of individuals susceptible to prolonged symptoms.

Capucetti Arianna, Falivene Juliana, Pizzichetti Chiara, Latino Irene et al. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025-01-02 · PMID:41289395

Despite safety concerns regarding the toxicity of tattoo ink, no studies have reported the consequences of tattooing on the immune response. In this work, we have characterized the transport and accumulation of different tattoo inks in the lymphatic system using a murine model. U…

• Despite safety concerns regarding the toxicity of tattoo ink, no studies have reported the consequences of tattooing on the immune response.
• In this work, we have characterized the transport and accumulation of different tattoo inks in the lymphatic system using a murine model.

Ota Nakao, Itani Masahiko, Aoki Tomohiro, Sakurai Aki et al. · Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40184822

BACKGROUND: The rapid deployment of mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2, such as BNT162b2 (BioNTech-Pfizer) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna), provided a critical tool in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. While their short-term safety and efficacy were demonstrated in clinical trials, rare adverse…

• BACKGROUND: The rapid deployment of mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2, such as BNT162b2 (BioNTech-Pfizer) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna), provided a critical tool in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.
• While their short-term safety and efficacy were demonstrated in clinical trials, rare adverse events, including hemorrhagic strokes, have been reported after widespread use.

Taha Taha Y, Ezzatpour Shahrzad, Hayashi Jennifer M, Ye Chengjin et al. · PLoS pathogens · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40163530

The COVID-19 pandemic has been driven by SARS-CoV-2 variants with enhanced transmission and immune escape. Apart from extensive evolution in the Spike protein, non-Spike mutations are accumulating across the entire viral genome and their functional impact is not well understood. …

• The COVID-19 pandemic has been driven by SARS-CoV-2 variants with enhanced transmission and immune escape.
• Apart from extensive evolution in the Spike protein, non-Spike mutations are accumulating across the entire viral genome and their functional impact is not well understood.

Azzarone Bruno, Landolina Nadine, Mariotti Francesca Romana, Moretta Lorenzo et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40534870

The soluble S1 subunit of Spike protein (SP) from the SARS-CoV-2 of different variants of concern (VOCs) may directly bind and activate human NK cells in vitro through the engagement of the toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. This mechanism revealed a novel pathogenic role playe…

• The soluble S1 subunit of Spike protein (SP) from the SARS-CoV-2 of different variants of concern (VOCs) may directly bind and activate human NK cells in vitro through the engagement of the toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4.
• This mechanism revealed a novel pathogenic role played by NK cells not only in the different phases of disease but also in the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) and some post-vaccination side effects.

Argyrou Mia, Pitsillou Eleni, Hung Andrew, El-Osta Assam et al. · Journal of structural biology · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40562255

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogenic agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, uses the trimeric spike protein to gain entry into the host cell. Structural studies have revealed that the spike protein is compri…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogenic agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, uses the trimeric spike protein to gain entry into the host cell.
• Structural studies have revealed that the spike protein is comprised of the S1 and S2 subunits.

Chen Yun, Wu Xiaolong, Xu Chengcheng, Huang Jianxiang et al. · International journal of molecular medicine · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40849821

Pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, employ virulence genes to invade their hosts, circumvent immunity and induce diseases. The present review examines the categorization and regulatory mechanisms of virulence genes and their co‑evolution with antimicrobial resistanc…

• Pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, employ virulence genes to invade their hosts, circumvent immunity and induce diseases.
• The present review examines the categorization and regulatory mechanisms of virulence genes and their co‑evolution with antimicrobial resistance.

Shah Masaud, Moon Sung Ung, Shin Ji-Yon, Choi Ji-Hye et al. · Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40014015

The development of a globally effective COVID-19 vaccine faces significant challenges, particularly in redirecting the B-cell response from immunodominant yet variable regions of viral proteins toward their conserved domains. To address this, an integrated strategy is implemented…

• The development of a globally effective COVID-19 vaccine faces significant challenges, particularly in redirecting the B-cell response from immunodominant yet variable regions of viral proteins toward their conserved domains.
• To address this, an integrated strategy is implemented that combines classical B-cell epitope prediction with protein-antibody cluster docking and antibody titer analysis from 30 vaccinated and convalescent individuals.

Chen Bing, Farzan Michael, Choe Hyeryun · Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40328900

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been a devastating global pandemic for 4 years and is now an endemic disease. With the emergence of new viral variants, COVID-19 is a continuing threat to public h…

• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been a devastating global pandemic for 4 years and is now an endemic disease.
• With the emergence of new viral variants, COVID-19 is a continuing threat to public health despite the wide availability of vaccines.

Yong Shin Jie, Kenny Tiff-Annie, Halim Alice, Munipalli Bala et al. · Reviews in medical virology · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40944962

With the global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine safety remains a priority. Emerging concerns have raised the potential risk of a long COVID-like syndrome following vaccination, informally called long Vax and provisionally termed post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PCVS). Ou…

• With the global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine safety remains a priority.
• Emerging concerns have raised the potential risk of a long COVID-like syndrome following vaccination, informally called long Vax and provisionally termed post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PCVS).

Patterson Bruce K, Yogendra Ram, Francisco Edgar B, Guevara-Coto Jose et al. · Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40358138

Despite over 13 billion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses administered globally, persistent post-vaccination symptoms, termed post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS), resemble post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Symptoms like cardiac, vascular, and neurological issues often emerge short…

• Despite over 13 billion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses administered globally, persistent post-vaccination symptoms, termed post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome (PCVS), resemble post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC).
• Symptoms like cardiac, vascular, and neurological issues often emerge shortly after vaccination and persist for months to years, mirroring PASC.

Pezzotta Anna, Bovio Alessandra, Imberti Barbara, Locatelli Monica et al. · Stem cell research & therapy · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40597299

Severe COVID-19 is characterized by thrombo-inflammatory processes within the lung microvasculature. In pursuit of effective treatments, clinical studies explored mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a promising approach due to their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and regene…

• Severe COVID-19 is characterized by thrombo-inflammatory processes within the lung microvasculature.
• In pursuit of effective treatments, clinical studies explored mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a promising approach due to their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and regenerative properties, through their paracrine action.Here, we tested the conditioned medium (CM) derived from human umbilical cord (UC)-MSCs in acute lung injury induced by the spike protein subunit 1 (S1) in ACE2-humanized male mice.

Madani R, Golchinfar F, Hezarosi M, Emami T et al. · Archives of Razi Institute · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40951547

Since the end of 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected many people globally. Diagnosis and treatment of patients have a pivotal role in surviving them. Two units of virus namely, Nucleocapsid protein and Spike proteins play important …

• Since the end of 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected many people globally.
• Diagnosis and treatment of patients have a pivotal role in surviving them.

Song Li, Wen Yaya, Zhou Yu, Zhang Hui et al. · Plant biotechnology journal · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40183251

Since 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing COVID-19, has been spreading and mutating globally despite the expedited approval of many commercial vaccines. Therefore, developing safe, effective and affordable vaccines remains essenti…

• Since 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing COVID-19, has been spreading and mutating globally despite the expedited approval of many commercial vaccines.
• Therefore, developing safe, effective and affordable vaccines remains essential to meet the global demand, particularly in developing countries.

Wang Fengyun, Ge Ruiqi, Cai Yun, Zhao Mingrui et al. · Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40642004

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by acute lung inflammation, increased vascular permeability, and hypoxemic respiratory failure. Oxidative stress, driven by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a key contributor to AR…

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by acute lung inflammation, increased vascular permeability, and hypoxemic respiratory failure.
• Oxidative stress, driven by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a key contributor to ARDS pathogenesis, causing cellular damage, inflammation, and alveolar-capillary barrier disruption.

Zeballos Roberto S, da Silva Helbingen Mariely Fernanda, Melo Paulo Macio Porto, Alves Francisco Eduardo Cardoso et al. · IDCases · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40671933

UNLABELLED: Post-Spike Syndrome (PSS) is an emerging condition associated with the Spike protein, originating from both SARS-CoV-2 infection and mRNA-based therapies. This case series explores the significant clinical impact of PSS, characterized By gut dysbiosis, systemic inflam…

• UNLABELLED: Post-Spike Syndrome (PSS) is an emerging condition associated with the Spike protein, originating from both SARS-CoV-2 infection and mRNA-based therapies.
• This case series explores the significant clinical impact of PSS, characterized By gut dysbiosis, systemic inflammation, and immune activation, leading to multisystem manifestations such as fatigue, brain fog, neuropathies, and reactivation of pre-existing diseases.

Kim Jinsoo, Kim Suyeon, Kim Dongbum, Kim Minyoung et al. · Viral immunology · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40465408

SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into several variants of concern, with Omicron and its subvariants currently being the most prevalent. Previously, we developed a mouse monoclonal antibody (m1E3H12 mAb) specific to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein, and the mA…

• SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into several variants of concern, with Omicron and its subvariants currently being the most prevalent.
• Previously, we developed a mouse monoclonal antibody (m1E3H12 mAb) specific to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein, and the mAb showed neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and its subvariants BA.5, BQ.1.1, and XBB.

Talamini Laura, Fonseca Dennyson Leandro M, Kanduc Darja, Chaloin Olivier et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40496870

Impaired spermatogenesis has been reported in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. However, the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on male fertility remains unclear. The purpose of this multicenter study was to investigate the possible…

• Impaired spermatogenesis has been reported in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.
• However, the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on male fertility remains unclear.

Bi Zhenfei, Ren Wenyan, Zeng Hao, Zhou Yuanyuan et al. · Cell proliferation · 2025-01-01 · PMID:40375579

Continual evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike drives the emergence of Omicron variants that show increased spreading and immune evasion. Understanding how the variants orientate themselves towards host immune defence is crucial for controlling future pandemics. Herein, we demonstrate t…

• Continual evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike drives the emergence of Omicron variants that show increased spreading and immune evasion.
• Understanding how the variants orientate themselves towards host immune defence is crucial for controlling future pandemics.

Fehrer C · medRxiv · 2024-11-11

Case series reports multi-tissue persistence up to 6 months; brain/skull border findings up to 4 years in limited autopsy data. Preprint — interpret with caution.

• Spike and mRNA in blood and tissues up to 6 months
• Brain-meningeal border deposits in autopsy cases

Navhaya Liberty T, Matsebatlela Thabe M, Monama Mokgerwa Z, Makhoba Xolani H · Viruses · 2024-01-31 · PMID:39599841

The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is pivotal in the COVID-19 virus's life cycle, facilitating viral attachment to host cells. It is believed that targeting this viral protein could be key to developing effective COVID-19 prophylactics. Using in silico techniques, this study sought to …

• The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is pivotal in the COVID-19 virus's life cycle, facilitating viral attachment to host cells.
• It is believed that targeting this viral protein could be key to developing effective COVID-19 prophylactics.

Freidel Matthew R, Armen Roger S · Viruses · 2024-01-30 · PMID:38793593

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, extensive drug repurposing efforts have sought to identify small-molecule antivirals with various mechanisms of action. Here, we aim to review research progress on small-molecule viral entry and fusion inhibitors that directly bind to…

• Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, extensive drug repurposing efforts have sought to identify small-molecule antivirals with various mechanisms of action.
• Here, we aim to review research progress on small-molecule viral entry and fusion inhibitors that directly bind to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.

Kaiser Jaclyn A, Nelson Christine E, Liu Xueqiao, Park Hong-Su et al. · Nature communications · 2024-01-26 · PMID:38670948

Immunization via the respiratory route is predicted to increase the effectiveness of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Here, we evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of one or two doses of a live-attenuated murine pneumonia virus vector expressing SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilize…

• Immunization via the respiratory route is predicted to increase the effectiveness of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
• Here, we evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of one or two doses of a live-attenuated murine pneumonia virus vector expressing SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike protein (MPV/S-2P), delivered intranasally/intratracheally to male rhesus macaques.

Brook Byron, Duval Valerie, Barman Soumik, Speciner Lauren et al. · Science translational medicine · 2024-01-24 · PMID:39047117

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines were pivotal in reducing severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection burden, yet they have not demonstrated robust durability, especially in older adults. Here, we describe a molecular adjuvant comprising a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-enc…

• Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines were pivotal in reducing severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection burden, yet they have not demonstrated robust durability, especially in older adults.
• Here, we describe a molecular adjuvant comprising a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA encoding interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70).

Lyu Chengliang, He Zhanlong, Hu Xiaoming, Wang Shuang et al. · Nature communications · 2024-01-23 · PMID:39578473

The binding of viruses to host-entry factor receptors is an essential step for viral infection. Many studies have shown that macrophages can internalize viruses and degrade them in lysosomes for clearance in vivo. Inspired by these natural behaviors and using SARS-CoV-2 as a test…

• The binding of viruses to host-entry factor receptors is an essential step for viral infection.
• Many studies have shown that macrophages can internalize viruses and degrade them in lysosomes for clearance in vivo.

Zhang Ding, Xie Yunfei, Liao Qi, Jiao Zhe et al. · Journal of virology · 2024-01-19 · PMID:39404450

UNLABELLED: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has caused serious economic losses to the swine livestock industry. Due to the rapid variation in the PEDV) genome, especially the spike (S) protein, the cross-protection ability of antibodies between different vaccine strains is weaken…

• UNLABELLED: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has caused serious economic losses to the swine livestock industry.
• Due to the rapid variation in the PEDV) genome, especially the spike (S) protein, the cross-protection ability of antibodies between different vaccine strains is weakened.

Nahalka Jozef · International journal of molecular sciences · 2024-01-18 · PMID:38674024

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted rapid research on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Consequently, new data can be used to advance the molecular understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The present bioinformatics study discusses the "spikeopathy" at the molecular level and focuses on the pos…

• The COVID-19 pandemic prompted rapid research on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity.
• Consequently, new data can be used to advance the molecular understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Kell Douglas B, Lip Gregory Y H, Pretorius Etheresia · Biomedicines · 2024-01-17 · PMID:38672245

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a comorbidity of a variety of other chronic, inflammatory diseases for which fibrinaloid microclots are a known accompaniment (and in some cases, a cause, with a mechanistic basis). Clots are, of course, a well-known consequence of atrial fibrillation.…

• Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a comorbidity of a variety of other chronic, inflammatory diseases for which fibrinaloid microclots are a known accompaniment (and in some cases, a cause, with a mechanistic basis).
• Clots are, of course, a well-known consequence of atrial fibrillation.

Marcotte Harold, Cao Yunlong, Zuo Fanglei, Simonelli Luca et al. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024-01-16 · PMID:38194459

The emergence of Omicron lineages and descendent subvariants continues to present a severe threat to the effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. We have previously suggested that an insufficient mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) response induced by the mRNA vaccines is…

• The emergence of Omicron lineages and descendent subvariants continues to present a severe threat to the effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies.
• We have previously suggested that an insufficient mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) response induced by the mRNA vaccines is associated with a surge in breakthrough infections.

Jitender, Vikram Kumar B, Singh Sneha, Verma Geetika et al. · Vaccine · 2024-01-13 · PMID:38981743

Numerous vaccine candidates have emerged in the fight against SARS-CoV-2, yet the challenges posed by viral evolution and the evasion of vaccine-induced immunity persist. The development of broadly protective vaccines is essential in countering the threat posed by variants of con…

• Numerous vaccine candidates have emerged in the fight against SARS-CoV-2, yet the challenges posed by viral evolution and the evasion of vaccine-induced immunity persist.
• The development of broadly protective vaccines is essential in countering the threat posed by variants of concern (VoC) capable of eluding existing vaccine defenses.

Rong Zhouyi, Mai Hongcheng, Ebert Gregor, Kapoor Saketh et al. · Cell host & microbe · 2024-01-11 · PMID:39615487

SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with long-lasting neurological symptoms, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using optical clearing and imaging, we observed the accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the skull-meninges-brain axis of human COVID-19 patients,…

• SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with long-lasting neurological symptoms, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
• Using optical clearing and imaging, we observed the accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the skull-meninges-brain axis of human COVID-19 patients, persisting long after viral clearance.

Dufloo Jérémy, Sanjuán Rafael · mBio · 2024-01-10 · PMID:38411986

UNLABELLED: SARS-CoV-2 infects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, which are characterized by different temperatures (33°C and 37°C, respectively). In addition, fever is a common COVID-19 symptom. SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to replicate more efficiently at low temperature…

• UNLABELLED: SARS-CoV-2 infects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, which are characterized by different temperatures (33°C and 37°C, respectively).
• In addition, fever is a common COVID-19 symptom.

Wang Cheng, Wang Shaobo, Ma Xiangyu, Yao Xiaohong et al. · ACS infectious diseases · 2024-01-09 · PMID:38912949

SARS-CoV-2 infection starts from the association of its spike 1 (S1) subunit with sensitive cells. Vesicular endothelial cells and platelets are among the cell types that bind SARS-CoV-2, but the effectors that mediate viral attachment on the cell membrane have not been fully elu…

• SARS-CoV-2 infection starts from the association of its spike 1 (S1) subunit with sensitive cells.
• Vesicular endothelial cells and platelets are among the cell types that bind SARS-CoV-2, but the effectors that mediate viral attachment on the cell membrane have not been fully elucidated.

Leborgne Nathan Gf, Devisme Christelle, Kozarac Nedim, Berenguer Veiga Inês et al. · JCI insight · 2024-01-08 · PMID:38470488

Studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have highlighted the crucial role of host proteases for viral replication and the immune response. The serine proteases furin and TMPRSS2 and lysosomal cysteine proteases facilitate viral entry by limite…

• Studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have highlighted the crucial role of host proteases for viral replication and the immune response.
• The serine proteases furin and TMPRSS2 and lysosomal cysteine proteases facilitate viral entry by limited proteolytic processing of the spike (S) protein.

Johnson Nicole V, Wall Steven C, Kramer Kevin J, Holt Clinton M et al. · Structure (London, England : 1993) · 2024-01-07 · PMID:39326419

The continued emergence of deadly human coronaviruses from animal reservoirs highlights the need for pan-coronavirus interventions for effective pandemic preparedness. Here, using linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing (LIBRA-seq), we report a panel of …

• The continued emergence of deadly human coronaviruses from animal reservoirs highlights the need for pan-coronavirus interventions for effective pandemic preparedness.
• Here, using linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing (LIBRA-seq), we report a panel of 50 coronavirus antibodies isolated from human B cells.

Jeger-Madiot Raphaël, Planas Delphine, Staropoli Isabelle, Debarnot Hippolyte et al. · The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024-01-07 · PMID:39240335

Predicting the immunogenicity of candidate vaccines in humans remains a challenge. To address this issue, we developed a lymphoid organ-chip (LO chip) model based on a microfluidic chip seeded with human PBMC at high density within a 3D collagen matrix. Perfusion of the SARS-CoV-…

• Predicting the immunogenicity of candidate vaccines in humans remains a challenge.
• To address this issue, we developed a lymphoid organ-chip (LO chip) model based on a microfluidic chip seeded with human PBMC at high density within a 3D collagen matrix.

Petro Christopher D, Hooper Andrea T, Peace Avery, Mohammadi Kusha et al. · Science translational medicine · 2024-01-06 · PMID:39504352

Increased use of antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for treatment and prophylaxis necessitates better understanding of their impact on endogenous immunity to vaccines and viruses. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic presented an opportuni…

• Increased use of antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for treatment and prophylaxis necessitates better understanding of their impact on endogenous immunity to vaccines and viruses.
• The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic presented an opportunity to study immunity in individuals who received antiviral mAbs and were subsequently immunized with vaccines encoding the mAb-targeted viral spike antigen.

Hanisch Franz-Georg · Cells · 2024-01-05 · PMID:38247799

The world-wide COVID-19 pandemic has promoted a series of alternative vaccination strategies aiming to elicit neutralizing adaptive immunity in the human host. However, restricted efficacies of these vaccines targeting epitopes on the spike (S) protein that is involved in primary…

• The world-wide COVID-19 pandemic has promoted a series of alternative vaccination strategies aiming to elicit neutralizing adaptive immunity in the human host.
• However, restricted efficacies of these vaccines targeting epitopes on the spike (S) protein that is involved in primary viral entry were observed and putatively assigned to viral glycosylation as an effective escape mechanism.

Peluso Michael J, Ryder Dylan, Flavell Robert R, Wang Yingbing et al. · Science translational medicine · 2024-01-03 · PMID:38959327

The mechanisms of postacute medical conditions and unexplained symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection [Long Covid (LC)] are incompletely understood. There is growing evidence that viral persistence, immune dysregulation, and T cell dysfunction may play major roles. We performed whol…

• The mechanisms of postacute medical conditions and unexplained symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection [Long Covid (LC)] are incompletely understood.
• There is growing evidence that viral persistence, immune dysregulation, and T cell dysfunction may play major roles.

Hamzaraj Kevin, Han Emilie, Hasimbegovic Ena, Poschenreiter Laura et al. · Vaccines · 2024-01-03 · PMID:38932339

Patients with long COVID syndrome present with various symptoms affecting multiple organs. Vaccination before or after SARS-CoV-2 infection appears to reduce the incidence of long COVID or at least limit symptom deterioration. However, the impact of vaccination on the severity an…

• Patients with long COVID syndrome present with various symptoms affecting multiple organs.
• Vaccination before or after SARS-CoV-2 infection appears to reduce the incidence of long COVID or at least limit symptom deterioration.

Perico Luca, Benigni Ariela, Remuzzi Giuseppe · Trends in microbiology · 2024-01-01 · PMID:37393180

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, primarily affects the epithelial compartment in the upper and lower airways. There is evidence that the microvasculature in both the pulmonary and extrapulmonary systems is a major target of SARS-CoV-2. Consistent with this, vascular d…

• SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, primarily affects the epithelial compartment in the upper and lower airways.
• There is evidence that the microvasculature in both the pulmonary and extrapulmonary systems is a major target of SARS-CoV-2.

Boros László G, Kyriakopoulos Anthony M, Brogna Carlo, Piscopo Marina et al. · Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2024-01-01 · PMID:38867495

According to the CDC, both Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines contain nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the viral spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by corona virus (SARS-CoV-2), administered via intramuscular injections. Despite thei…

• According to the CDC, both Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines contain nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the viral spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by corona virus (SARS-CoV-2), administered via intramuscular injections.
• Despite their worldwide use, very little is known about how nucleoside modifications in mRNA sequences affect their breakdown, transcription and protein synthesis.

Borcherding Nicholas, Kim Wooseob, Quinn Michael, Han Fangjie et al. · Nature immunology · 2024-01-01 · PMID:39164479

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and mRNA vaccination induce robust CD4+ T cell responses. Using single-cell transcriptomics, here, we evaluated CD4+ T cells specific for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the blood and draining lymph nodes (dLN…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and mRNA vaccination induce robust CD4+ T cell responses.
• Using single-cell transcriptomics, here, we evaluated CD4+ T cells specific for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the blood and draining lymph nodes (dLNs) of individuals 3 months and 6 months after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine.

Nguyen Kenny, Relja Boris, Epperson Monica, Park So Hee et al. · PloS one · 2024-01-01 · PMID:39226256

mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines have played a critical role in reducing severe outcomes of COVID-19. Humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination have been extensively studied in blood; however, limited information is available on the presence and duration of SARS-C…

• mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines have played a critical role in reducing severe outcomes of COVID-19.
• Humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination have been extensively studied in blood; however, limited information is available on the presence and duration of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in saliva and other mucosal fluids.

Listed No Authors · European review for medical and pharmacological sciences · 2024-01-01 · PMID:38305629

The Editor in Chief and the Publisher are issuing an expression of concern to alert readers to the fact that the Special Issue titled "Omics sciences in the personalization of diagnosis and therapy" and, in particular, the following articles: ·      J. Kaftalli, K. Donato, G. Bon…

• The Editor in Chief and the Publisher are issuing an expression of concern to alert readers to the fact that the Special Issue titled "Omics sciences in the personalization of diagnosis and therapy" and, in particular, the following articles: ·      J.

Vanderheiden Abigail, Hill Jeremy D, Jiang Xiaoping, Deppen Ben et al. · Nature immunology · 2024-01-01 · PMID:38902519

Up to 25% of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibit postacute cognitive sequelae. Although millions of cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-mediated memory dysfunction are accumulating worldwide, the underlying mecha…

• Up to 25% of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibit postacute cognitive sequelae.
• Although millions of cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-mediated memory dysfunction are accumulating worldwide, the underlying mechanisms and how vaccination lowers risk are unknown.

Sheetikov Saveliy A, Khmelevskaya Alexandra A, Zornikova Ksenia V, Zvyagin Ivan V et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2024-01-01 · PMID:38629062

Adenovirus vaccines, particularly the COVID-19 Ad5-nCoV adenovirus vaccine, have emerged as promising tools in the fight against infectious diseases. In this study, we investigated the structure of the T cell response to the Spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus used in the COVID…

• Adenovirus vaccines, particularly the COVID-19 Ad5-nCoV adenovirus vaccine, have emerged as promising tools in the fight against infectious diseases.
• In this study, we investigated the structure of the T cell response to the Spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus used in the COVID-19 Ad5-nCoV adenoviral vaccine in a phase 3 clinical trial (NCT04540419).

Hulscher Nicolas, McCullough Peter A, Marotta Diane E · The journal of gene medicine · 2024-01-01 · PMID:39183706

The rapid development and authorization of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines by Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA-1273) in 2020 marked a significant milestone in human mRNA product application, overcoming previous obstacles such as mRNA instability and immunog…

• The rapid development and authorization of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines by Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA-1273) in 2020 marked a significant milestone in human mRNA product application, overcoming previous obstacles such as mRNA instability and immunogenicity.
• This paper reviews the strategic modifications incorporated into these vaccines to enhance mRNA stability and translation efficiency, such as the inclusion of nucleoside modifications and optimized mRNA design elements including the 5' cap and poly(A) tail.

Magazine Nicholas, Zhang Tianyi, Bungwon Anang D, McGee Michael C et al. · ImmunoHorizons · 2024-01-01 · PMID:38427047

Despite the success of global vaccination programs in slowing the spread of COVID-19, these efforts have been hindered by the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 strains capable of evading prior immunity. The mutation and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 have created a demand for persistent effor…

• Despite the success of global vaccination programs in slowing the spread of COVID-19, these efforts have been hindered by the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 strains capable of evading prior immunity.
• The mutation and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 have created a demand for persistent efforts in vaccine development.

Li Huilong, Wan Luming, Liu Muyi, Ma Enhao et al. · PLoS pathogens · 2024-01-01 · PMID:39102426

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SARS-2-S) induced cell-cell fusion in uninfected cells may occur in long COVID-19 syndrome, as circulating SARS-2-S or extracellular vesicles containing SARS-2-S (S-EVs) were found to be prevalent in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) for up to 12 mo…

• SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SARS-2-S) induced cell-cell fusion in uninfected cells may occur in long COVID-19 syndrome, as circulating SARS-2-S or extracellular vesicles containing SARS-2-S (S-EVs) were found to be prevalent in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) for up to 12 months after diagnosis.
• Although isolated recombinant SARS-2-S protein has been shown to increase the SASP in senescent ACE2-expressing cells, the direct linkage of SARS-2-S syncytia with senescence in the absence of virus infection and the degree to which SARS-2-S syncytia affect pathology in the setting of cardiac dysfunction are unknown.

Kiatratdasakul Supanchita, Noisumdaeng Pirom, Niyomdecha Nattamon · PeerJ · 2024-01-01 · PMID:39175748

BACKGROUND: Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID) refers to the persistence of COVID-19 symptoms or exceptional symptoms following recovery. Even without conferring fatality, it represents a significant global public health burden. Despite many reports on long COVID, the prev…

• BACKGROUND: Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID) refers to the persistence of COVID-19 symptoms or exceptional symptoms following recovery.
• Even without conferring fatality, it represents a significant global public health burden.

Kempuraj Duraisamy, Tsilioni Irene, Aenlle Kristina K, Klimas Nancy G et al. · Translational neuroscience · 2024-01-01 · PMID:39403255

OBJECTIVE: Long COVID is a major health concern because many patients develop chronic neuropsychiatric symptoms, but the precise pathogenesis is unknown. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) can disrupt neuronal connectivity and be elevated in patients with long COVID. METHODS: In …

• OBJECTIVE: Long COVID is a major health concern because many patients develop chronic neuropsychiatric symptoms, but the precise pathogenesis is unknown.
• Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) can disrupt neuronal connectivity and be elevated in patients with long COVID.

Li Jingwen, Lyu Chenang, An Ran, Wang Dapeng · Food and environmental virology · 2024-01-01 · PMID:38635140

There is growing evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contaminates the marine environment and is bioaccumulated in filter-feeding shellfish. Previous study shows the Pacific oyster tissues can bioaccumulate the SARS-CoV-2, and the oyster heat…

• There is growing evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contaminates the marine environment and is bioaccumulated in filter-feeding shellfish.
• Previous study shows the Pacific oyster tissues can bioaccumulate the SARS-CoV-2, and the oyster heat shock protein 70 (oHSP70) may play as the primary attachment receptor to bind SARS-CoV-2's recombinant spike protein S1 subunit (rS1).

Yamamoto Yuichiro, Inoue Tetsuya · Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin · 2024-01-01 · PMID:38692869

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has devastated public health and the global economy. New variants are continually emerging because of amino acid mutations within the SARS-CoV-2 spike …

• The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has devastated public health and the global economy.
• New variants are continually emerging because of amino acid mutations within the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

Ryu Jae Kyu, Yan Zhaoqi, Montano Mauricio, Sozmen Elif G et al. · Nature · 2024-01-01 · PMID:39198643

Life-threatening thrombotic events and neurological symptoms are prevalent in COVID-19 and are persistent in patients with long COVID experiencing post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection1-4. Despite the clinical evidence1,5-7, the underlying mechanisms of coagulopathy in COVI…

• Life-threatening thrombotic events and neurological symptoms are prevalent in COVID-19 and are persistent in patients with long COVID experiencing post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection1-4.
• Despite the clinical evidence1,5-7, the underlying mechanisms of coagulopathy in COVID-19 and its consequences in inflammation and neuropathology remain poorly understood and treatment options are insufficient.

Zhang Ding-Qi, Ma Qin-Hai, Yang Meng-Chu, Belyakova Yulia Yu et al. · Virus research · 2024-01-01 · PMID:38081457

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Host cell invasion is mediated by the interaction of the viral spike protein (S) with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through the re…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
• Host cell invasion is mediated by the interaction of the viral spike protein (S) with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through the receptor-binding domain (RBD).

Johari Veena, Srinivasan Sandhya · Indian journal of medical ethics · 2024-01-01 · PMID:39183607

In April 2024, in a class action suit for compensation to families of persons suffering injury or death after vaccination with AstraZeneca's (AZ) Covid-19 vaccine [1], the manufacturer admitted in a UK court that the Oxford-AZ Covid-19 vaccine could cause a rare and potentially f…

• In April 2024, in a class action suit for compensation to families of persons suffering injury or death after vaccination with AstraZeneca's (AZ) Covid-19 vaccine [1], the manufacturer admitted in a UK court that the Oxford-AZ Covid-19 vaccine could cause a rare and potentially fatal blood clotting disorder ("thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome" or TTS, which when triggered by a vaccine is called "vaccine induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis, or VITT) [2].
• The AZ Covid-19 vaccine is a chimpanzee adenovirus vectored vaccine encoding the SARS-CoV2 spike protein (ChAdOx1-S) marketed under the names Covishield and Vaxzevria.

Menezes Filipe, Palmeira Julys da Fonseca, Oliveira Juliana Dos Santos, Argañaraz Gustavo Adolfo et al. · Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024-01-01 · PMID:39744674

The persistence or emergence of long-term symptoms following resolution of primary SARS-CoV-2 infection is referred to as long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). PASC predominantly affects the cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive…

• The persistence or emergence of long-term symptoms following resolution of primary SARS-CoV-2 infection is referred to as long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC).
• PASC predominantly affects the cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive, and immune systems.

Frank Matthew G, Ball Jayson B, Hopkins Shelby, Kelley Tel et al. · Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024-01-01 · PMID:39043345

Long COVID is a major public health consequence of COVID-19 and is characterized by multiple neurological and neuropsychatric symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 antigens (e.g., spike S1 subunit) are found in the circulation of Long COVID patients, have been detected in post-mortem brain of COV…

• Long COVID is a major public health consequence of COVID-19 and is characterized by multiple neurological and neuropsychatric symptoms.
• SARS-CoV-2 antigens (e.g., spike S1 subunit) are found in the circulation of Long COVID patients, have been detected in post-mortem brain of COVID patients, and exhibit neuroinflammatory properties.

Swank Zoe, Borberg Ella, Chen Yulu, Senussi Yasmeen et al. · Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2024-01-01 · PMID:39389851

OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of individuals with detectable antigen in plasma or serum after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the association of antigen detection with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) symptoms. METHODS: Plasma and serum samples were collected from adults …

• OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of individuals with detectable antigen in plasma or serum after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the association of antigen detection with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) symptoms.
• METHODS: Plasma and serum samples were collected from adults participating in four independent studies at different time points, ranging from several days up to 14 months post-SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Yonker LM, Swank DL, Walt DR · Circulation · 2023-07-18 · PMID:37471576

Ultra-sensitive assay detected free spike at ~34 pg/mL in myocarditis cases; suggests circulating antigen may contribute to cardiac inflammation.

• Circulating spike ~34 pg/mL in myocarditis cases
• Spike not detected in asymptomatic vaccinated controls

Swank DL, Fayad Y, Walt DR · Circulation · 2023-02-14 · PMID:36696487

Subset of symptomatic individuals show persistent circulating spike months post-vaccination; multi-system symptoms correlate in some analyses but causality not established.

• Detectable circulating spike in subset months after vaccination
• Multi-system symptoms reported in persistent-carrier cohort

Liang Taizhen, Xiao Shiqi, Wu Ziyao, Lv Xi et al. · Viruses · 2023-01-31 · PMID:37632009

Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has brought an unprecedented public health crisis and continues to threaten humanity due to the persistent emergence of new variants. Therefore…

• Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has brought an unprecedented public health crisis and continues to threaten humanity due to the persistent emergence of new variants.
• Therefore, developing more effective and broad-spectrum therapeutic and prophylactic drugs against infection by SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, as well as future emerging CoVs, is urgently needed.

Khan Muhammad S, Kim Eun, Le Hingrat Quentin, Kleinman Adam et al. · mBio · 2023-01-31 · PMID:37830800

The study provides important insights into the immunogenicity and efficacy of a tetravalent protein subunit vaccine candidate against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The vaccine induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in nonhuman primates …

• The study provides important insights into the immunogenicity and efficacy of a tetravalent protein subunit vaccine candidate against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
• The vaccine induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in nonhuman primates with controlled SIVagm infection and was able to generate Omicron variant-specific antibodies without specifically vaccinating with Omicron.

Khan Muhammad S, Kim Eun, Huang Shaohua, Kenniston Thomas W et al. · Vaccines · 2023-01-31 · PMID:36851191

This paper presents a novel approach for improving the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines against emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants. We have evaluated the immunogenicity of unadjuvanted wild-type (WU S1-RS09cg) and variant-specific (Delta S1-RS09cg and OM S1-RS09cg) S1 subunit protein vacc…

• This paper presents a novel approach for improving the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines against emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants.
• We have evaluated the immunogenicity of unadjuvanted wild-type (WU S1-RS09cg) and variant-specific (Delta S1-RS09cg and OM S1-RS09cg) S1 subunit protein vaccines delivered either as a monovalent or a trivalent antigen in BALB/c mice.

Kumar Sahil, Delipan Rathina, Chakraborty Debajyoti, Kanjo Kawkab et al. · Journal of virology · 2023-01-30 · PMID:37861334

The Omicron subvariants have substantially evaded host-neutralizing antibodies and adopted an endosomal route of entry. The virus has acquired several mutations in the receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain of S1 subunit, but remarkably, also incorporated mutations in S2 w…

• The Omicron subvariants have substantially evaded host-neutralizing antibodies and adopted an endosomal route of entry.
• The virus has acquired several mutations in the receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain of S1 subunit, but remarkably, also incorporated mutations in S2 which are fixed in Omicron sub-lineage.

Khan Selina, Marquez-Martinez Sonia, Erkens Tim, de Wilde Adriaan et al. · Vaccines · 2023-01-30 · PMID:38140195

Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a very rare but serious adverse reaction that can occur after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination in humans, leading to thrombosis at unusual anatomic sites. One hypothesis is that accidental intravenous (IV) administration of Ad26…

• Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a very rare but serious adverse reaction that can occur after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination in humans, leading to thrombosis at unusual anatomic sites.
• One hypothesis is that accidental intravenous (IV) administration of Ad26.COV2.S or drainage of the vaccine from the muscle into the circulatory system may result in interaction of the vaccine with blood factors associated with platelet activation, leading to VITT.

Cao Sujian, Song Zhiyuan, Rong Jinyu, Andrikopoulos Nicholas et al. · ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2023-01-30 · PMID:37585091

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major cause of dementia inducing memory loss, cognitive decline, and mortality among the aging population. While the amyloid aggregation of peptide Aβ has long been implicated in neurodegeneration in AD, primarily through the production of toxic poly…

• Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major cause of dementia inducing memory loss, cognitive decline, and mortality among the aging population.
• While the amyloid aggregation of peptide Aβ has long been implicated in neurodegeneration in AD, primarily through the production of toxic polymorphic aggregates and reactive oxygen species, viral infection has a less explicit role in the etiology of the brain disease.

Fontes-Dantas Fabricia L, Fernandes Gabriel G, Gutman Elisa G, De Lima Emanuelle V et al. · Cell reports · 2023-01-28 · PMID:36857178

Cognitive dysfunction is often reported in patients with post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome, but its underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Evidence suggests that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein or its fragme…

• Cognitive dysfunction is often reported in patients with post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome, but its underlying mechanisms are not completely understood.
• Evidence suggests that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein or its fragments are released from cells during infection, reaching different tissues, including the CNS, irrespective of the presence of the viral RNA.

Montezano Augusto C, Camargo Livia L, Mary Sheon, Neves Karla B et al. · Scientific reports · 2023-01-28 · PMID:37640791

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a respiratory disease associated with inflammation and endotheliitis. Mechanisms underling inflammatory processes are unclear, but angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor which binds the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 may be important.…

• COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a respiratory disease associated with inflammation and endotheliitis.
• Mechanisms underling inflammatory processes are unclear, but angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor which binds the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 may be important.

Yu Shi, Hu Huina, Ai Qiangyun, Bai Rong et al. · Viruses · 2023-01-27 · PMID:36992348

The constantly evolving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOC) fuel the worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The spike protein is essential for the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and thus has been extensively targeted by thera…

• The constantly evolving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOC) fuel the worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.
• The spike protein is essential for the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and thus has been extensively targeted by therapeutic antibodies.

Theoharides Theoharis C, Kempuraj Duraisamy · Cells · 2023-01-22 · PMID:36899824

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). About 45% of COVID-19 patients experience several symptoms a few months after the initial infection and develop post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), referred to as "Long-…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
• About 45% of COVID-19 patients experience several symptoms a few months after the initial infection and develop post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), referred to as "Long-COVID," characterized by persistent physical and mental fatigue.

Halma Matthew T J, Plothe Christof, Marik Paul, Lawrie Theresa A · Microorganisms · 2023-01-17 · PMID:37317282

In the wake of the COVID-19 crisis, a need has arisen to prevent and treat two related conditions, COVID-19 vaccine injury and long COVID-19, both of which can trace at least part of their aetiology to the spike protein, which can cause harm through several mechanisms. One signif…

• In the wake of the COVID-19 crisis, a need has arisen to prevent and treat two related conditions, COVID-19 vaccine injury and long COVID-19, both of which can trace at least part of their aetiology to the spike protein, which can cause harm through several mechanisms.
• One significant mechanism of harm is vascular, and it is mediated by the spike protein, a common element of the COVID-19 illness, and it is related to receiving a COVID-19 vaccine.

Parry Peter I, Lefringhausen Astrid, Turni Conny, Neil Christopher J et al. · Biomedicines · 2023-01-17 · PMID:37626783

The COVID-19 pandemic caused much illness, many deaths, and profound disruption to society. The production of 'safe and effective' vaccines was a key public health target. Sadly, unprecedented high rates of adverse events have overshadowed the benefits. This two-part narrative re…

• The COVID-19 pandemic caused much illness, many deaths, and profound disruption to society.
• The production of 'safe and effective' vaccines was a key public health target.

Guo Yuexi, Kanamarlapudi Venkateswarlu · International journal of molecular sciences · 2023-01-16 · PMID:36982738

Coronavirus disease COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become a worldwide pandemic in recent years. In addition to being a respiratory disease, COVID-19 is a 'vascular disease' since it causes a leaky vascular barrier and in…

• Coronavirus disease COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become a worldwide pandemic in recent years.
• In addition to being a respiratory disease, COVID-19 is a 'vascular disease' since it causes a leaky vascular barrier and increases blood clotting by elevating von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels in the blood.

Dadonaite Bernadeta, Crawford Katharine H D, Radford Caelan E, Farrell Ariana G et al. · Cell · 2023-01-16 · PMID:36868218

A major challenge in understanding SARS-CoV-2 evolution is interpreting the antigenic and functional effects of emerging mutations in the viral spike protein. Here, we describe a deep mutational scanning platform based on non-replicative pseudotyped lentiviruses that directly qua…

• A major challenge in understanding SARS-CoV-2 evolution is interpreting the antigenic and functional effects of emerging mutations in the viral spike protein.
• Here, we describe a deep mutational scanning platform based on non-replicative pseudotyped lentiviruses that directly quantifies how large numbers of spike mutations impact antibody neutralization and pseudovirus infection.

Kim Eun, Khan Muhammad S, Ferrari Alessandro, Huang Shaohua et al. · Microbiology spectrum · 2023-01-15 · PMID:37162333

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants has raised concerns about reduced vaccine effectiveness and the increased risk of infection, and while repeated homologous booster shots are recommended for elderly and immunocompromised indivi…

• The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants has raised concerns about reduced vaccine effectiveness and the increased risk of infection, and while repeated homologous booster shots are recommended for elderly and immunocompromised individuals, they cannot completely protect against breakthrough infections.
• In our previous study, we assessed the immunogenicity of an adenovirus-based vaccine expressing SARS-CoV-2 S1 (Ad5.S1) in mice, which induced robust humoral and cellular immune responses (E.

Chiok Kim, Hutchison Kevin, Miller Lindsay Grace, Bose Santanu et al. · Viruses · 2023-01-15 · PMID:36992463

Critically ill COVID-19 patients display signs of generalized hyperinflammation. Macrophages trigger inflammation to eliminate pathogens and repair tissue, but this process can also lead to hyperinflammation and resulting exaggerated disease. The role of macrophages in dysregulat…

• Critically ill COVID-19 patients display signs of generalized hyperinflammation.
• Macrophages trigger inflammation to eliminate pathogens and repair tissue, but this process can also lead to hyperinflammation and resulting exaggerated disease.

Olmedillas Eduardo, Rajamanickam Roshan R, Avalos Ruben Diaz, Sosa Fernanda A et al. · bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023-01-15 · PMID:38168261

The 800 million human infections with SARS-CoV-2 and the likely emergence of new variants and additional coronaviruses necessitate a better understanding of the essential spike glycoprotein and the development of immunogens that foster broader and more durable immunity. The S2 fu…

• The 800 million human infections with SARS-CoV-2 and the likely emergence of new variants and additional coronaviruses necessitate a better understanding of the essential spike glycoprotein and the development of immunogens that foster broader and more durable immunity.
• The S2 fusion subunit is more conserved in sequence, is essential to function, and would be a desirable immunogen to boost broadly reactive antibodies.

Perico Luca, Morigi Marina, Pezzotta Anna, Locatelli Monica et al. · Scientific reports · 2023-01-14 · PMID:37452090

The spike protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can interact with endothelial cells. However, no studies demonstrated the direct effect of the spike protein subunit 1 (S1) in inducing lung vascular damage and the potential mechanisms contributing…

• The spike protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can interact with endothelial cells.
• However, no studies demonstrated the direct effect of the spike protein subunit 1 (S1) in inducing lung vascular damage and the potential mechanisms contributing to lung injury.

Yonker Lael M, Swank Zoe, Bartsch Yannic C, Burns Madeleine D et al. · Circulation · 2023-01-14 · PMID:36597886

BACKGROUND: Cases of adolescents and young adults developing myocarditis after vaccination with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-targeted mRNA vaccines have been reported globally, but the underlying immunoprofiles of these individuals have not been de…

• BACKGROUND: Cases of adolescents and young adults developing myocarditis after vaccination with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-targeted mRNA vaccines have been reported globally, but the underlying immunoprofiles of these individuals have not been described in detail.
• METHODS: From January 2021 through February 2022, we prospectively collected blood from 16 patients who were hospitalized at Massachusetts General for Children or Boston Children's Hospital for myocarditis, presenting with chest pain with elevated cardiac troponin T after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

Yang Kai, Liu Shiyun, Yan Han, Lu Wenju et al. · Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023-01-14 · PMID:37452066

Exposure to the spike protein or receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 significantly influences endothelial cells and induces pulmonary vascular endotheliopathy. In this study, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 humanized inbred (hACE2 Tg) mice and cultured pulmonary vascula…

• Exposure to the spike protein or receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 significantly influences endothelial cells and induces pulmonary vascular endotheliopathy.
• In this study, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 humanized inbred (hACE2 Tg) mice and cultured pulmonary vascular endothelial cells were used to investigate how spike protein/S-RBD impacts pulmonary vascular endothelium.

Guo Liyan, Lin Sheng, Chen Zimin, Cao Yu et al. · Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023-01-10 · PMID:37164987

The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused devastating impacts on the public health and the global economy. Rapid viral antigenic evolution has led to the continual generat…

• The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused devastating impacts on the public health and the global economy.
• Rapid viral antigenic evolution has led to the continual generation of new variants.

Sung Pei-Shan, Sun Cheng-Pu, Tao Mi-Hua, Hsieh Shie-Liang · EMBO molecular medicine · 2023-01-10 · PMID:37211986

Thromboinflammation is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients, and post-mortem examination demonstrates the presence of platelet-rich thrombi and microangiopathy in visceral organs. Moreover, persistent microclots were detected in both acute COVID-19 and …

• Thromboinflammation is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients, and post-mortem examination demonstrates the presence of platelet-rich thrombi and microangiopathy in visceral organs.
• Moreover, persistent microclots were detected in both acute COVID-19 and long COVID plasma samples.

Liang Shuxin, Bao Changlei, Yang Zi, Liu Shiyun et al. · Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023-01-09 · PMID:36894537

Cardiopulmonary complications are major drivers of mortality caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Interleukin-18, an inflammasome-induced cytokine, has emerged as a novel mediator of cardiopulmonary pathologies but its regulation via SARS-CoV-2 signaling remains unknown. Based on a sc…

• Cardiopulmonary complications are major drivers of mortality caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
• Interleukin-18, an inflammasome-induced cytokine, has emerged as a novel mediator of cardiopulmonary pathologies but its regulation via SARS-CoV-2 signaling remains unknown.

Zhou Xinyue, Zhang Mengjia, Zhang Hanyu, Ma Hailong et al. · International journal of molecular sciences · 2023-01-04 · PMID:38069424

Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), a member of the family Coronaviridae and the genus Alphacoronavirus, primarily affects piglets under 7 days old, causing symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. It has the potential to infect human primary and pa…

• Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), a member of the family Coronaviridae and the genus Alphacoronavirus, primarily affects piglets under 7 days old, causing symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration.
• It has the potential to infect human primary and passaged cells in vitro, indicating a potential risk of zoonotic transmission.

Palestra Francesco, Poto Remo, Ciardi Renato, Opromolla Giorgia et al. · International journal of molecular sciences · 2023-01-03 · PMID:36769357

COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. This disease is characterized primarily, but not exclusively, by respiratory tract inflammation. SARS-CoV-2 infection relies on the binding of spike protein to ACE2 on the host cells. The virus uses the protease TMPRSS2 as an entr…

• COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2.
• This disease is characterized primarily, but not exclusively, by respiratory tract inflammation.

Baggen Jim, Jacquemyn Maarten, Persoons Leentje, Vanstreels Els et al. · Cell · 2023-01-03 · PMID:37421949

SARS-CoV-2 is associated with broad tissue tropism, a characteristic often determined by the availability of entry receptors on host cells. Here, we show that TMEM106B, a lysosomal transmembrane protein, can serve as an alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into angiotensin-c…

• SARS-CoV-2 is associated with broad tissue tropism, a characteristic often determined by the availability of entry receptors on host cells.
• Here, we show that TMEM106B, a lysosomal transmembrane protein, can serve as an alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-negative cells.

Del Carpio-Orantes Luis, Aguilar-Silva Andrés · Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2023-01-02 · PMID:37216305

This editorial lists the main current theories on long COVID, such as the theory of viral persistence and the one of immunothrombosis associated with deregulation of the immune system; it is discussed as well their interrelation, which finally explains the etiopathogenesis and ph…

• This editorial lists the main current theories on long COVID, such as the theory of viral persistence and the one of immunothrombosis associated with deregulation of the immune system; it is discussed as well their interrelation, which finally explains the etiopathogenesis and physiopathology of this new syndrome that afflicts the survivors of COVID-19; it is also discussed the link between viral persistence with the formation of amyloid microthrombi based on the hypothesis that the spike protein causes amyloidogenesis, inducing organic chronic damage that will characterize long COVID.

Li Chia-Jung, Chang Shih-Chung · Emerging microbes & infections · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37254830

Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), numerous neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed and authorized for emergency use to control the pandemic. Most COVID-19 therapeutic NAbs pr…

• Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), numerous neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed and authorized for emergency use to control the pandemic.
• Most COVID-19 therapeutic NAbs prevent the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein from binding to the human host receptor.

Guan Xiaoqing, Yang Yang, Du Lanying · Expert review of vaccines · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37161869

INTRODUCTION: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused devastating human and economic costs. Vaccination is an important step in controlling the pandemic. Severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, infects cells by bin…

• INTRODUCTION: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused devastating human and economic costs.
• Vaccination is an important step in controlling the pandemic.

Hulscher Nicolas, Procter Brian C, Wynn Cade, McCullough Peter A · Cureus · 2023-01-01 · PMID:38024037

The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been found to exhibit pathogenic characteristics and be a possible cause of post-acute sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination. COVID-19 vaccines utilize a modified, stabilized prefusion spike protein that may share similar …

• The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been found to exhibit pathogenic characteristics and be a possible cause of post-acute sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination.
• COVID-19 vaccines utilize a modified, stabilized prefusion spike protein that may share similar toxic effects with its viral counterpart.

Dhuli K, Medori M C, Micheletti C, Donato K et al. · European review for medical and pharmacological sciences · 2023-01-01 · PMID:38112944

OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 patients experience, in 10-20% of the cases, a prolonged long-COVID syndrome, defined as the persistence of symptoms for at least two months after the infection. The underlying biological mechanisms of this syndrome remain poorly understood. Several hypotheses…

• OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 patients experience, in 10-20% of the cases, a prolonged long-COVID syndrome, defined as the persistence of symptoms for at least two months after the infection.
• The underlying biological mechanisms of this syndrome remain poorly understood.

Ssali Ivan, Mugaba Susan, Watelo Arthur Kalyebi, Bemanzi Juliana et al. · International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37683720

OBJECTIVES: Understanding the immune response in very mild and asymptomatic COVID-19 is crucial for developing effective vaccines and immunotherapies, yet remains poorly characterized. This longitudinal study examined the evolution of interferon (IFN)-γ responses to SARS-CoV-2 pe…

• OBJECTIVES: Understanding the immune response in very mild and asymptomatic COVID-19 is crucial for developing effective vaccines and immunotherapies, yet remains poorly characterized.
• This longitudinal study examined the evolution of interferon (IFN)-γ responses to SARS-CoV-2 peptides in 109 asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic Ugandan COVID-19 patients across 365 days and explored their association with antibody generation.

Cai Jiehao, Ma Wenjie, Wang Xiangshi, Chang Hailing et al. · Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2023-01-01 · PMID:38025528

Lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts poorly express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and the study aimed to investigate the role of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tw…

• Lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts poorly express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and the study aimed to investigate the role of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in two lung cell lines and to understand the potential mechanism.
• Lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and fibroblasts (MRC-5) were treated with the spike protein, then inflammatory and EMT phenotypes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Transwell, and western blot assays.

Feng Sheng, Fan Zechang, Zhou Keyue, Ma Shanshan et al. · Journal of medical virology · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37822266

Vaccination has proven effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection but vaccines were originally based on the wild type and emerging variants have led to a decrease in protective efficacy. There is an urgent need for broad-spectrum vaccine protection against emerging variants. A vaccin…

• Vaccination has proven effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection but vaccines were originally based on the wild type and emerging variants have led to a decrease in protective efficacy.
• There is an urgent need for broad-spectrum vaccine protection against emerging variants.

Hulme John · International journal of molecular sciences · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37047556

As emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants (Omicron) continue to outpace and negate combinatorial vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies targeting the spike protein (S) receptor binding domain (RBD), the appetite for developing similar C…

• As emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants (Omicron) continue to outpace and negate combinatorial vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies targeting the spike protein (S) receptor binding domain (RBD), the appetite for developing similar COVID-19 treatments has significantly diminished, with the attention of the scientific community switching to long COVID treatments.
• However, treatments that reduce the risk of "post-COVID-19 syndrome" and associated sequelae remain in their infancy, particularly as no established criteria for diagnosis currently exist.

Baldari Cosima T, Onnis Anna, Andreano Emanuele, Del Giudice Giuseppe et al. · Trends in immunology · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37137805

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has caused an estimated 5 billion infections and 20 million deaths by respiratory failure. In addition to the respiratory disease, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with many extrapulmonary complications not easily explainable b…

• The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has caused an estimated 5 billion infections and 20 million deaths by respiratory failure.
• In addition to the respiratory disease, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with many extrapulmonary complications not easily explainable by the respiratory infection.

Zhang Fengwen, Jenkins Jesse, de Carvalho Renan V H, Nakandakari-Higa Sandra et al. · Nature microbiology · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37188812

Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein have been isolated from convalescent individuals and developed into therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, therapeutic mAbs for SARS-CoV-2 have b…

• Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein have been isolated from convalescent individuals and developed into therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• However, therapeutic mAbs for SARS-CoV-2 have been rendered obsolete by the emergence of mAb-resistant virus variants.

Huot Nicolas, Planchais Cyril, Rosenbaum Pierre, Contreras Vanessa et al. · Nature immunology · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37919524

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA generally becomes undetectable in upper airways after a few days or weeks postinfection. Here we used a model of viral infection in macaques to address whether SARS-CoV-2 persists in the body and which mechanisms re…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA generally becomes undetectable in upper airways after a few days or weeks postinfection.
• Here we used a model of viral infection in macaques to address whether SARS-CoV-2 persists in the body and which mechanisms regulate its persistence.

Shen Andrew M, Malekshah Obeid M, Pogrebnyak Natalia, Minko Tamara · Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37225092

Data show a decrease in the risk of hospitalization and death from COVID-19. To date, global vaccinations for SARS-CoV-2 protections are underway, but additional treatments are urgently needed to prevent and cure infection among naïve and even vaccinated people. Neutralizing mono…

• Data show a decrease in the risk of hospitalization and death from COVID-19.
• To date, global vaccinations for SARS-CoV-2 protections are underway, but additional treatments are urgently needed to prevent and cure infection among naïve and even vaccinated people.

Zhou Daming, Ren Jingshan, Fry Elizabeth E, Stuart David I · Current opinion in virology · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37285620

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths, however, human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be an effective treatment. Since SARS-CoV-2 emerged, a variety of strains have acquired increasing numbers of mutations…

• The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths, however, human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be an effective treatment.
• Since SARS-CoV-2 emerged, a variety of strains have acquired increasing numbers of mutations to gain increased transmissibility and escape from the immune response.

Hammarström Per, Nyström Sofie · Prion · 2023-01-01 · PMID:36998202

The crosstalk between viral infections, amyloid formation and neurodegeneration has been discussed with varying intensity since the last century. Several viral proteins are known to be amyloidogenic. Post-acute sequalae (PAS) of viral infections is known for several viruses. SARS…

• The crosstalk between viral infections, amyloid formation and neurodegeneration has been discussed with varying intensity since the last century.
• Several viral proteins are known to be amyloidogenic.

Huang Hsiang-Chi, Angeletti Davide · Trends in immunology · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37805348

SARS-CoV-2 rapidly accumulated mutations in its immunodominant receptor-binding domain (RBD), rendering all clinically authorized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ineffective. Liu et al. unveil potent human mAbs that neutralize all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants by locking the Spike prot…

• SARS-CoV-2 rapidly accumulated mutations in its immunodominant receptor-binding domain (RBD), rendering all clinically authorized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ineffective.
• unveil potent human mAbs that neutralize all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants by locking the Spike protein RBD in a downward conformation, thus inhibiting receptor engagement.

Mueller Michael R, Ganesh Ravindra, Hurt Ryan T, Beckman Thomas J · Mayo Clinic proceedings · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37419575

Postinfectious syndromes have been described since the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918. A similar syndrome-post-COVID condition (PCC)-is common; it occurs months after COVID-19 infection and involves fatigue, postexertional malaise, dyspnea, memory loss, diffuse pain, and orth…

• Postinfectious syndromes have been described since the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918.
• A similar syndrome-post-COVID condition (PCC)-is common; it occurs months after COVID-19 infection and involves fatigue, postexertional malaise, dyspnea, memory loss, diffuse pain, and orthostasis.

Chen Yanjia, Zhao Xiaoyu, Zhou Hao, Zhu Huanzhang et al. · Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023-01-01 · PMID:36168054

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently emerged pathogenic human coronavirus that belongs to the sarbecovirus lineage of the genus Betacoronavirus. The ancestor strain has evolved into a number of variants of concern, with the Omicron variant of…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently emerged pathogenic human coronavirus that belongs to the sarbecovirus lineage of the genus Betacoronavirus.
• The ancestor strain has evolved into a number of variants of concern, with the Omicron variant of concern now having many distinct sublineages.

Addetia Amin, Piccoli Luca, Case James Brett, Park Young-Jun et al. · Nature · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37648855

Currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants have acquired convergent mutations at hot spots in the receptor-binding domain1 (RBD) of the spike protein. The effects of these mutations on viral infection and transmission and the efficacy of vaccines and therapies remains poorly under…

• Currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants have acquired convergent mutations at hot spots in the receptor-binding domain1 (RBD) of the spike protein.
• The effects of these mutations on viral infection and transmission and the efficacy of vaccines and therapies remains poorly understood.

Scheim David E, Vottero Paola, Santin Alessandro D, Hirsh Allen G · International journal of molecular sciences · 2023-01-01 · PMID:38069362

Consistent with well-established biochemical properties of coronaviruses, sialylated glycan attachments between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) and host cells are key to the virus's pathology. SARS-CoV-2 SP attaches to and aggregates red blood cells (RBCs), as shown in many pre-cli…

• Consistent with well-established biochemical properties of coronaviruses, sialylated glycan attachments between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) and host cells are key to the virus's pathology.
• SARS-CoV-2 SP attaches to and aggregates red blood cells (RBCs), as shown in many pre-clinical and clinical studies, causing pulmonary and extrapulmonary microthrombi and hypoxia in severe COVID-19 patients.

Craddock Vaughn, Mahajan Aatish, Spikes Leslie, Krishnamachary Balaji et al. · Journal of medical virology · 2023-01-01 · PMID:36756925

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 disease, has resulted in the death of millions worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic in December 2019. While much progress has been made to understand acute manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, less is known about post-acute …

• SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 disease, has resulted in the death of millions worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic in December 2019.
• While much progress has been made to understand acute manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, less is known about post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC).

Jung Hi Eun, Ku Keun Bon, Kang Byeong Hoon, Park Jang Hyun et al. · Antiviral research · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37327877

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has threatened global health. Since the first case of infection was reported in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread worldwide and caused millions of deaths. As vaccination is the best way to protect the host fr…

• The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has threatened global health.
• Since the first case of infection was reported in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread worldwide and caused millions of deaths.

Suprewicz Łukasz, Fiedoruk Krzysztof, Czarnowska Agata, Sadowski Marcin et al. · Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska · 2023-01-01 · PMID:36810757

The typical manifestation of coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) infection is a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) accompanied by pneumonia (COVID-19). However, SARS-CoV-2 can also affect the brain, causing chronic neurological symptoms, variously known as long, post, post-acute, or pers…

• The typical manifestation of coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) infection is a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) accompanied by pneumonia (COVID-19).
• However, SARS-CoV-2 can also affect the brain, causing chronic neurological symptoms, variously known as long, post, post-acute, or persistent COVID-19 condition, and affecting up to 40% of patients.

Alves Vinícius Santos, Santos Stephanie Alexia Cristina Silva, Leite-Aguiar Raíssa, Paiva-Pereira Elaine et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37114062

Despite long-term sequelae of COVID-19 are emerging as a substantial public health concern, the mechanism underlying these processes still unclear. Evidence demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein can reach different brain regions, irrespective of viral brain replication resul…

• Despite long-term sequelae of COVID-19 are emerging as a substantial public health concern, the mechanism underlying these processes still unclear.
• Evidence demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein can reach different brain regions, irrespective of viral brain replication resulting in activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and neuroinflammation.

Martín Sánchez F J, Martínez-Sellés M, Molero García J M, Moreno Guillén S et al. · Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2023-01-01 · PMID:36510683

Predictions for a near end of the pandemic by the World Health Organization should be interpreted with caution. Current evidence indicates that the efficacy of a fourth dose of classical mRNA vaccines (BT162b2 or mRNA-1273) is low and short-lived in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infectio…

• Predictions for a near end of the pandemic by the World Health Organization should be interpreted with caution.
• Current evidence indicates that the efficacy of a fourth dose of classical mRNA vaccines (BT162b2 or mRNA-1273) is low and short-lived in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in its predominant variant (Omicron).

Ciccozzi Massimo, Pascarella Stefano · Future virology · 2023-01-01 · PMID:36896145

The SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain interact with each other in an intricate mechanism. Mutations modulate the interplay between the Spike and host molecules. This editorial comments on the intricacies of SARS-CoV-2 Spike interactions.

• The SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain interact with each other in an intricate mechanism.
• Mutations modulate the interplay between the Spike and host molecules.

Wrobel Antoni G · Current opinion in structural biology · 2023-01-01 · PMID:37285618

Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 mediates viral entry into host cells by facilitating virus attachment and membrane fusion. ACE2 is the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2 and its interaction with spike has shaped the virus' emergence from an animal reservoir and subsequent evolution in …

• Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 mediates viral entry into host cells by facilitating virus attachment and membrane fusion.
• ACE2 is the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2 and its interaction with spike has shaped the virus' emergence from an animal reservoir and subsequent evolution in the human host.

Tanikawa T, Kiba Y, Yu J · Molecules · 2022-11-24 · PMID:36432050

Nattokinase degrades spike protein in cell-free assays; no human clinical efficacy data for clearance.

• Nattokinase degrades spike at 2.5–25 µg/mL in vitro
• Effect on S1 subunit demonstrated

Röltgen K, Nielsen SCA, Boyd SD · Cell · 2022-02-03 · PMID:35124186

Landmark study showing vaccine antigen persists in lymph node germinal centers for months, supporting tissue reservoir hypothesis.

• Vaccine antigen in germinal centers for 8+ months
• Immune imprinting affects variant recognition breadth

Rajah Maaran Michael, Bernier Annie, Buchrieser Julian, Schwartz Olivier · Journal of molecular biology · 2022-01-30 · PMID:34606831

Syncytia are formed when individual cells fuse. SARS-CoV-2 induces syncytia when the viral spike (S) protein on the surface of an infected cell interacts with receptors on neighboring cells. Syncytia may potentially contribute to pathology by facilitating viral dissemination, cyt…

• Syncytia are formed when individual cells fuse.
• SARS-CoV-2 induces syncytia when the viral spike (S) protein on the surface of an infected cell interacts with receptors on neighboring cells.

Gao Xingsu, Fan Linlin, Zheng Binyang, Li Haoze et al. · Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022-01-30 · PMID:35417303

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have been reported to be resistant to several neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) targeting Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and N Terminal Domain (NTD) of spike (S) protein and thus inducing immune escape. However, fe…

• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have been reported to be resistant to several neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) targeting Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and N Terminal Domain (NTD) of spike (S) protein and thus inducing immune escape.
• However, fewer studies were carried out to investigate the neutralizing ability of S2-specific antibodies.

Johnson Bryan A, Zhou Yiyang, Lokugamage Kumari G, Vu Michelle N et al. · bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2022-01-28 · PMID:34671771

UNLABELLED: While SARS-CoV-2 continues to adapt for human infection and transmission, genetic variation outside of the spike gene remains largely unexplored. This study investigates a highly variable region at residues 203-205 in the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Recreating a …

• UNLABELLED: While SARS-CoV-2 continues to adapt for human infection and transmission, genetic variation outside of the spike gene remains largely unexplored.
• This study investigates a highly variable region at residues 203-205 in the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein.

Ng Kevin W, Faulkner Nikhil, Finsterbusch Katja, Wu Mary et al. · Science translational medicine · 2022-01-27 · PMID:35895836

Several variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although antibody cross-reactivity with the spike glycoproteins (S) of diverse coronaviruses, including endemic common co…

• Several variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
• Although antibody cross-reactivity with the spike glycoproteins (S) of diverse coronaviruses, including endemic common cold coronaviruses (HCoVs), has been documented, it remains unclear whether such antibody responses, typically targeting the conserved S2 subunit, contribute to protection when induced by infection or through vaccination.

Hiramoto Suguru, Miyashita Daichi, Kimura Takao, Niwa Takahiko et al. · The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine · 2022-01-27 · PMID:35354694

This study sought to evaluate the effects of two vaccine doses and the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers. We measured immunoglobulin G antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike protein among healthcare workers at Gunma University Hospital. In…

• This study sought to evaluate the effects of two vaccine doses and the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers.
• We measured immunoglobulin G antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike protein among healthcare workers at Gunma University Hospital.

Wolf Kyle A, Kwan Jason C, Kamil Jeremy P · mBio · 2022-01-26 · PMID:35258327

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrates the threat posed by novel coronaviruses to human health. Coronaviruses share a highly conserved cell entry mechanism mediated by the spike protein, the sole product of the S gene. The structural dynamics by whi…

• The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrates the threat posed by novel coronaviruses to human health.
• Coronaviruses share a highly conserved cell entry mechanism mediated by the spike protein, the sole product of the S gene.

Nyström Sofie, Hammarström Per · Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2022-01-25 · PMID:35579205

SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a surprising number of morbidities. Uncanny similarities with amyloid-disease associated blood coagulation and fibrinolytic disturbances together with neurologic and cardiac problems led us to investigate the amyloidogenicity of the SARS-Co…

• SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a surprising number of morbidities.
• Uncanny similarities with amyloid-disease associated blood coagulation and fibrinolytic disturbances together with neurologic and cardiac problems led us to investigate the amyloidogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-protein).

Tanikawa Takashi, Kiba Yuka, Yu James, Hsu Kate et al. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022-01-24 · PMID:36080170

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a pandemic and has inflicted enormous damage on the lives of the people and economy of many countries worldwide. However, therapeutic agents against SAR…

• The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a pandemic and has inflicted enormous damage on the lives of the people and economy of many countries worldwide.
• However, therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear.

Bellamkonda Navya, Lambe Upendra Pradeep, Sawant Sonali, Nandi Shyam Sundar et al. · Biomedicines · 2022-01-21 · PMID:35884770

COVID-19 vaccines have been developed to confer immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prior to the pandemic of COVID-19 which started in March 2020, there was a well-established understanding about the structure and pathogenesis of previously known Coronaviruses from the SAR…

• COVID-19 vaccines have been developed to confer immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Prior to the pandemic of COVID-19 which started in March 2020, there was a well-established understanding about the structure and pathogenesis of previously known Coronaviruses from the SARS and MERS outbreaks.

Hardy Eugenio, Fernandez-Patron Carlos · Cells · 2022-01-21 · PMID:36230917

Endogenous glucocorticoids and their synthetic analogues, such as dexamethasone, stimulate receptor-mediated signal transduction mechanisms on target cells. Some of these mechanisms result in beneficial outcomes whereas others are deleterious in the settings of pathogen infection…

• Endogenous glucocorticoids and their synthetic analogues, such as dexamethasone, stimulate receptor-mediated signal transduction mechanisms on target cells.
• Some of these mechanisms result in beneficial outcomes whereas others are deleterious in the settings of pathogen infections and immunological disorders.

Choi Ji-Young, Park Jung Hyun, Jo Chulman, Kim Kyung-Chang et al. · Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 2022-01-20 · PMID:35970046

Increasing evidence suggests incomplete recovery of COVID-19 patients, who continue to suffer from cardiovascular diseases, including cerebral vascular disorders (CVD) and neurological symptoms. Recent findings indicate that some of the damaging effects of severe acute respirator…

• Increasing evidence suggests incomplete recovery of COVID-19 patients, who continue to suffer from cardiovascular diseases, including cerebral vascular disorders (CVD) and neurological symptoms.
• Recent findings indicate that some of the damaging effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, especially in the brain, may be induced by the spike protein, leading to the disruption of the initial blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Sawa Tomohiro, Akaike Takaaki · eLife · 2022-01-20 · PMID:35049500

The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 triggers macrophages and epithelial cells to produce excess levels of pro-inflammatory molecules, which can do more harm than good.

• The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 triggers macrophages and epithelial cells to produce excess levels of pro-inflammatory molecules, which can do more harm than good.

Panapitakkul Chalisa, Khorattanakulchai Narach, Rattanapisit Kaewta, Srisangsung Theerakarn et al. · Vaccines · 2022-01-18 · PMID:36423056

SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The virus spreads rapidly with a high transmission rate among humans, and hence virus management has been challenging owing to finding specific therapies or vaccinations. Hence, an effective, low-cost vaccine is urgentl…

• SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
• The virus spreads rapidly with a high transmission rate among humans, and hence virus management has been challenging owing to finding specific therapies or vaccinations.

Clayton Emily, Ackerley Jacob, Aelmans Marianne, Ali Noor et al. · Viruses · 2022-01-17 · PMID:35216011

The emergence of multiple variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlights the importance of possible animal-to-human (zoonotic) and human-to-animal (zooanthroponotic) transmission and potential spread within animal species. A range of animal sp…

• The emergence of multiple variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlights the importance of possible animal-to-human (zoonotic) and human-to-animal (zooanthroponotic) transmission and potential spread within animal species.
• A range of animal species have been verified for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, either in vitro or in vivo.

Frustaci Andrea, Verardo Romina, Galea Nicola, Lavalle Carlo et al. · Journal of clinical medicine · 2022-01-16 · PMID:35329986

BACKGROUND: Myocarditis, even in a severe and lethal form, may occur after COVID-19 mRNA (BNT162b2) vaccination. However, its pathway, morphomolecular characterization and treatment are still unknown. METHODS: Routine hematochemical screening, ECG, Holter monitoring, 2D echocardi…

• BACKGROUND: Myocarditis, even in a severe and lethal form, may occur after COVID-19 mRNA (BNT162b2) vaccination.
• However, its pathway, morphomolecular characterization and treatment are still unknown.

Stark Felicity C, Akache Bassel, Deschatelets Lise, Tran Anh et al. · Scientific reports · 2022-01-13 · PMID:35697917

With the persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the emergence of novel variants, the development of novel vaccine formulations with enhanced immunogenicity profiles could help reduce disease burden in the future. Intranasally delivered vaccines offer a new modality to prevent…

• With the persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the emergence of novel variants, the development of novel vaccine formulations with enhanced immunogenicity profiles could help reduce disease burden in the future.
• Intranasally delivered vaccines offer a new modality to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections through the induction of protective immune responses at the mucosal surface where viral entry occurs.

McGrath Marisa E, Xue Yong, Dillen Carly, Oldfield Lauren et al. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022-01-13 · PMID:36040867

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a major public health crisis. Despite the development and deployment of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pandemic persists. The continued spread of the virus is largely driven by the emergence of v…

• The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a major public health crisis.
• Despite the development and deployment of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pandemic persists.

Talotta Rossella · Microorganisms · 2022-01-12 · PMID:36557705

Long coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a newly discovered syndrome characterized by multiple organ manifestations that persist for weeks to months, following the recovery from acute disease. Occasionally, neurological and cardiovascular side effects mimicking long COVID-19 hav…

• Long coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a newly discovered syndrome characterized by multiple organ manifestations that persist for weeks to months, following the recovery from acute disease.
• Occasionally, neurological and cardiovascular side effects mimicking long COVID-19 have been reported in recipients of COVID-19 vaccines.

Puthia Manoj, Tanner Lloyd, Petruk Ganna, Schmidtchen Artur · ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2022-01-11 · PMID:35774232

COVID-19 is characterized by a dysregulated and excessive inflammatory response and, in severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome. We have recently demonstrated a previously unknown high-affinity interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and bacterial lipopolys…

• COVID-19 is characterized by a dysregulated and excessive inflammatory response and, in severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome.
• We have recently demonstrated a previously unknown high-affinity interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leading to the boosting of inflammation.

Wang Rui, Chen Jiahui, Hozumi Yuta, Yin Changchuan et al. · ACS infectious diseases · 2022-01-11 · PMID:35133792

The surge of COVID-19 infections has been fueled by new SARS-CoV-2 variants, namely Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and so forth. The molecular mechanism underlying such surge is elusive due to the existence of 28 554 unique mutations, including 4 653 non-degenerate mutations on the s…

• The surge of COVID-19 infections has been fueled by new SARS-CoV-2 variants, namely Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and so forth.
• The molecular mechanism underlying such surge is elusive due to the existence of 28 554 unique mutations, including 4 653 non-degenerate mutations on the spike protein.

Zinserling Vsevolod A, Semenova Natalia Yu, Bikmurzina Anastasia E, Kruglova Natalia M et al. · Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2022-01-10 · PMID:35736649

In spite of intensive studies of different aspects of a new coronavirus infection, many issues still remain unclear. In a screening analysis of histopathology in l200 lethal cases, authors succeeded in performing a wide spectrum of immune histochemical reactions (CD2, CD 3, CD 4,…

• In spite of intensive studies of different aspects of a new coronavirus infection, many issues still remain unclear.
• In a screening analysis of histopathology in l200 lethal cases, authors succeeded in performing a wide spectrum of immune histochemical reactions (CD2, CD 3, CD 4, CD 5, CD 7, CD 8, CD14, CD 20, CD 31, CD 34, CD 56, CD 57, CD 68, CD 163, collagen 1,3, spike protein SARS-CoV-2, caspase-3, MLCM; ACE2 receptor, occludin, and claudin-1 and -3) and electron microscopy.

Rotondo John Charles, Martini Fernanda, Maritati Martina, Caselli Elisabetta et al. · Microorganisms · 2022-01-10 · PMID:35744711

COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 in China and quickly spread across the globe, causing over 521 million cases of infection and 6.26 million deaths to date. After 2 years, numerous advances have been made. First of all, the preventive vaccine, which has been implemented in record tim…

• COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 in China and quickly spread across the globe, causing over 521 million cases of infection and 6.26 million deaths to date.
• After 2 years, numerous advances have been made.

Grandjean Louis, Saso Anja, Torres Ortiz Arturo, Lam Tanya et al. · Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022-01-09 · PMID:34218284

BACKGROUND: Antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been shown to neutralize the virus in vitro and prevent disease in animal challenge models on reexposure. However, the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 humoral dynamics and longevity is…

• BACKGROUND: Antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been shown to neutralize the virus in vitro and prevent disease in animal challenge models on reexposure.
• However, the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 humoral dynamics and longevity is conflicting.

Boschi Celine, Scheim David E, Bancod Audrey, Militello Muriel et al. · International journal of molecular sciences · 2022-01-07 · PMID:36555121

Experimental findings for SARS-CoV-2 related to the glycan biochemistry of coronaviruses indicate that attachments from spike protein to glycoconjugates on the surfaces of red blood cells (RBCs), other blood cells and endothelial cells are key to the infectivity and morbidity of …

• Experimental findings for SARS-CoV-2 related to the glycan biochemistry of coronaviruses indicate that attachments from spike protein to glycoconjugates on the surfaces of red blood cells (RBCs), other blood cells and endothelial cells are key to the infectivity and morbidity of COVID-19.
• To provide further insight into these glycan attachments and their potential clinical relevance, the classic hemagglutination (HA) assay was applied using spike protein from the Wuhan, Alpha, Delta and Omicron B.1.1.529 lineages of SARS-CoV-2 mixed with human RBCs.

Zeng Cong, Evans John P, King Tiffany, Zheng Yi-Min et al. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022-01-04 · PMID:34937699

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible coronavirus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell-cell contact in cultures, mediated by the spike glycoprotein. SARS-CoV…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible coronavirus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic.
• Herein, we provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell-cell contact in cultures, mediated by the spike glycoprotein.

Hwang Yu-Chyi, Lu Ruei-Min, Su Shih-Chieh, Chiang Pao-Yin et al. · Journal of biomedical science · 2022-01-04 · PMID:34983527

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an exceptional public health crisis that demands the timely creation of new therapeutics and viral detection. Owing to their high specificity and reliability, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as powerful tools to treat …

• The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an exceptional public health crisis that demands the timely creation of new therapeutics and viral detection.
• Owing to their high specificity and reliability, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as powerful tools to treat and detect numerous diseases.

Planchais Cyril, Fernández Ignacio, Bruel Timothée, de Melo Guilherme Dias et al. · The Journal of experimental medicine · 2022-01-04 · PMID:35704748

Memory B-cell and antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contribute to long-term immune protection against severe COVID-19, which can also be prevented by antibody-based interventions. Here, wide SARS-CoV-2 immunoprofiling in Wuhan COVID-19 convalescents combining ser…

• Memory B-cell and antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contribute to long-term immune protection against severe COVID-19, which can also be prevented by antibody-based interventions.
• Here, wide SARS-CoV-2 immunoprofiling in Wuhan COVID-19 convalescents combining serological, cellular, and monoclonal antibody explorations revealed humoral immunity coordination.

Afkhami Sam, D'Agostino Michael R, Zhang Ali, Stacey Hannah D et al. · Cell · 2022-01-03 · PMID:35180381

The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) threaten the effectiveness of current COVID-19 vaccines administered intramuscularly and designed to only target the spike protein. There is a pressing need to develop next-generation vaccine strategies for broader and long-lasti…

• The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) threaten the effectiveness of current COVID-19 vaccines administered intramuscularly and designed to only target the spike protein.
• There is a pressing need to develop next-generation vaccine strategies for broader and long-lasting protection.

Pack Su Min, Peters Peter J · Vaccines · 2022-01-03 · PMID:35214693

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine production has taken us by storm. We aim to fill in the history of concepts and the work of pioneers and provide a framework of strategies employing structural vaccinology. Cryo-electron microscopy became crucial in providing three-dimensional (3D) structures a…

• SARS-CoV-2 vaccine production has taken us by storm.
• We aim to fill in the history of concepts and the work of pioneers and provide a framework of strategies employing structural vaccinology.

Gusev Evgenii, Sarapultsev Alexey, Solomatina Liliya, Chereshnev Valeriy · International journal of molecular sciences · 2022-01-02 · PMID:35163638

The review aims to consolidate research findings on the molecular mechanisms and virulence and pathogenicity characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their relevance to four typical stages…

• The review aims to consolidate research findings on the molecular mechanisms and virulence and pathogenicity characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their relevance to four typical stages in the development of acute viral infection.
• These four stages are invasion; primary blockade of antiviral innate immunity; engagement of the virus's protection mechanisms against the factors of adaptive immunity; and acute, long-term complications of COVID-19.

Bansal S, Perincheri S, Rodgers R · Journal of Immunology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:34997294

Exosomes carrying spike can trigger immune responses; proposed mechanism for sustained inflammation.

• Exosomal spike is immunogenic
• May contribute to sustained immune activation

McGrath M E, Xue Y, Dillen C, Oldfield L et al. · bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35677080

UNLABELLED: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a major public health crisis. Despite the development and deployment of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the pandemic persists. The continued spread of the virus is largely driven by the emergence of viral variants, which can evade the cur…

• UNLABELLED: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a major public health crisis.
• Despite the development and deployment of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the pandemic persists.

Kim Wooseob, Zhou Julian Q, Horvath Stephen C, Schmitz Aaron J et al. · Nature · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35168246

Germinal centres (GC) are lymphoid structures in which B cells acquire affinity-enhancing somatic hypermutations (SHM), with surviving clones differentiating into memory B cells (MBCs) and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells1-5 (BMPCs). SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces a persi…

• Germinal centres (GC) are lymphoid structures in which B cells acquire affinity-enhancing somatic hypermutations (SHM), with surviving clones differentiating into memory B cells (MBCs) and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells1-5 (BMPCs).
• SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces a persistent GC response that lasts for at least six months in humans6-8.

Frank Matthew G, Nguyen Kathy H, Ball Jayson B, Hopkins Shelby et al. · Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2022-01-01 · PMID:34915155

SARS-CoV-2 infection produces neuroinflammation as well as neurological, cognitive (i.e., brain fog), and neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety), which can persist for an extended period (6 months) after resolution of the infection. The neuroimmune mechanism(s) tha…

• SARS-CoV-2 infection produces neuroinflammation as well as neurological, cognitive (i.e., brain fog), and neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety), which can persist for an extended period (6 months) after resolution of the infection.
• The neuroimmune mechanism(s) that produces SARS-CoV-2-induced neuroinflammation has not been characterized.

Khan Muhammad S, Kim Eun, McPherson Alex, Weisel Florian J et al. · Antibody therapeutics · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35967905

Additional COVID-19 vaccines that are safe and immunogenic are needed for global vaccine equity. Here, we developed a recombinant type 5 adenovirus vector encoding for the SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit antigen and nucleocapsid as a fusion protein (Ad5.SARS-CoV-2-S1N). A single subcutaneo…

• Additional COVID-19 vaccines that are safe and immunogenic are needed for global vaccine equity.
• Here, we developed a recombinant type 5 adenovirus vector encoding for the SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit antigen and nucleocapsid as a fusion protein (Ad5.SARS-CoV-2-S1N).

Wong Lok-Yin Roy, Zheng Jian, Wilhelmsen Kevin, Li Kun et al. · Nature · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35314834

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is especially severe in aged populations1. Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are highly effective, but vaccine efficacy is partly compromised by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with enhanced tran…

• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is especially severe in aged populations1.
• Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are highly effective, but vaccine efficacy is partly compromised by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with enhanced transmissibility2.

Candido Kattlyn Laryssa, Eich Caio Ricardo, de Fariña Luciana Oliveira, Kadowaki Marina Kimiko et al. · Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35397075

The scientific community has been alarmed by the possible immunological evasion, higher infectivity, and severity of disease caused by the newest variants of SARS-CoV-2. The spike protein has an important role in the cellular invasion of viruses and is the target of several vacci…

• The scientific community has been alarmed by the possible immunological evasion, higher infectivity, and severity of disease caused by the newest variants of SARS-CoV-2.
• The spike protein has an important role in the cellular invasion of viruses and is the target of several vaccines and therapeutic resources, such as monoclonal antibodies.

Dale Lucy · Cureus · 2022-01-01 · PMID:36072173

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused the most unprecedented health crisis since the 1918 H1N1 pandemic. Whilst COVID-19 is traditionally considered to be a respiratory disease, it is important to understand that this virus has the potential to disseminate throughout the…

• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused the most unprecedented health crisis since the 1918 H1N1 pandemic.
• Whilst COVID-19 is traditionally considered to be a respiratory disease, it is important to understand that this virus has the potential to disseminate throughout the body causing multi-organ failure.

Tabynov Kairat, Orynbassar Madiana, Yelchibayeva Leila, Turebekov Nurkeldi et al. · Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35372556

Whereas, multiple vaccine types have been developed to curb the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) among humans, there are very few vaccines being developed for animals including pets. To combat the threat of human-to-animal, animal-to-animal, …

• Whereas, multiple vaccine types have been developed to curb the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) among humans, there are very few vaccines being developed for animals including pets.
• To combat the threat of human-to-animal, animal-to-animal, and animal-to-human transmission and the generation of new virus variants, we developed a subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine which is based on the recombinant spike protein extracellular domain expressed in insect cells and then formulated with appropriate adjuvants.

Perico Luca, Morigi Marina, Galbusera Miriam, Pezzotta Anna et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35320941

Microvascular thrombosis is associated with multiorgan failure and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although thrombotic complications may be ascribed to the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect and replicate in endothelial cells, it has been poorly investigated whethe…

• Microvascular thrombosis is associated with multiorgan failure and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
• Although thrombotic complications may be ascribed to the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect and replicate in endothelial cells, it has been poorly investigated whether, in the complexity of viral infection in the human host, specific viral elements alone can induce endothelial damage.

Sun Xiaoyu, Yi Chunyan, Zhu Yuanfei, Ding Longfei et al. · Nature microbiology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35773398

Frequent outbreaks of coronaviruses underscore the need for antivirals and vaccines that can counter a broad range of coronavirus types. We isolated a human antibody named 76E1 from a COVID-19 convalescent patient, and report that it has broad-range neutralizing activity against …

• Frequent outbreaks of coronaviruses underscore the need for antivirals and vaccines that can counter a broad range of coronavirus types.
• We isolated a human antibody named 76E1 from a COVID-19 convalescent patient, and report that it has broad-range neutralizing activity against multiple α- and β-coronaviruses, including the SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Boyraz Baris, James Kaitlyn, Hornick Jason L, Roberts Drucilla J · Human pathology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35405186

Placental pathology can identify characteristic features of specific infectious pathogens. The histopathology of acute SARS-CoV-2 placental infection and exposure without infection has been well described. However, whether the characteristic placental pathology persists after the…

• Placental pathology can identify characteristic features of specific infectious pathogens.
• The histopathology of acute SARS-CoV-2 placental infection and exposure without infection has been well described.

Bakkari Mohammed A, Moni Sivakumar Sivagurunathan, Sultan Muhammad Hadi, Madkhali Osama A · Recent patents on biotechnology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:34994337

The world continues to be in the midst of a distressing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel virus with multiple antigenic systems. The virus enters via nasopharynx, oral and infe…

• The world continues to be in the midst of a distressing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel virus with multiple antigenic systems.
• The virus enters via nasopharynx, oral and infects cells by the expression of the spike protein, and enters the lungs using the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor.

Focosi Daniele, McConnell Scott, Casadevall Arturo · Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy · 2022-01-01 · PMID:36260961

WHO-defined SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) drive therapeutics and vaccine development. The Omicron VOC is dominating the arena since November 2021, but the number of its sublineages is growing in complexity. Omicron represent a galaxy with a myriad of stars that suddenly ri…

• WHO-defined SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) drive therapeutics and vaccine development.
• The Omicron VOC is dominating the arena since November 2021, but the number of its sublineages is growing in complexity.

Schroeder John T, Bieneman Anja P · Frontiers in immunology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35392091

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rapidly evolved into a pandemic -the likes of which has not been experienced in 100 years. While novel vaccines show great efficacy, and therapeutics continue to be de…

• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rapidly evolved into a pandemic -the likes of which has not been experienced in 100 years.
• While novel vaccines show great efficacy, and therapeutics continue to be developed, the persistence of disease, with the concomitant threat of emergent variants, continues to impose massive health and socioeconomic issues worldwide.

Vitiello Antonio, Ferrara Francesco, Auti Amogh M, Di Domenico Marina et al. · Journal of internal medicine · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35289434

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has spread worldwide, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic, on 11 March 2020. Variants of concern have appeared at regular intervals-Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and now Omicron. Omicron variant…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has spread worldwide, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic, on 11 March 2020.
• Variants of concern have appeared at regular intervals-Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and now Omicron.

Focosi Daniele, McConnell Scott, Casadevall Arturo, Cappello Emiliano et al. · The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35803289

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 have been widely used in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we review the properties of mAbs and their effect as therapeutics in the pandemic, including structural classification, outcomes in clinic…

• Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 have been widely used in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
• In this paper, we review the properties of mAbs and their effect as therapeutics in the pandemic, including structural classification, outcomes in clinical trials that led to the authorisation of mAbs, and baseline and treatment-emergent immune escape.

Theoharides Theoharis C · Molecular neurobiology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35028901

SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via its spike protein binding to its surface receptor on target cells and results in acute symptoms involving especially the lungs known as COVID-19. However, increasing evidence indicates that many patients develop a chronic condition characterized by fa…

• SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via its spike protein binding to its surface receptor on target cells and results in acute symptoms involving especially the lungs known as COVID-19.
• However, increasing evidence indicates that many patients develop a chronic condition characterized by fatigue and neuropsychiatric symptoms, termed long-COVID.

Chansaenroj Jira, Yorsaeng Ritthideach, Puenpa Jiratchaya, Wanlapakorn Nasamon et al. · PloS one · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35446889

Understanding antibody responses after natural severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can guide the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine schedule, especially in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to assess the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2…

• Understanding antibody responses after natural severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can guide the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine schedule, especially in resource-limited settings.
• This study aimed to assess the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, including anti-spike protein 1 (S1) immunoglobulin (Ig)G, anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) total Ig, anti-S1 IgA, and neutralizing antibody against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 over time in a cohort of patients who were previously infected with the wild-type SARS-CoV-2.

Kumar Ashutosh, Parashar Rakesh, Kumar Sujeet, Faiq Muneeb A et al. · Journal of medical virology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:34811761

Young age, female sex, absence of comorbidities, and prior infection or vaccination are known epidemiological barriers for contracting the new infection and/or increased disease severity. Demographic trends from the recent coronavirus disease 2019 waves, which are believed to be …

• Young age, female sex, absence of comorbidities, and prior infection or vaccination are known epidemiological barriers for contracting the new infection and/or increased disease severity.
• Demographic trends from the recent coronavirus disease 2019 waves, which are believed to be driven by newer severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, indicate that the aforementioned epidemiological barriers are being breached and a larger number of younger and healthy individuals are developing severe disease.

Costa Carlos F S, Barbosa Arménio J M, Dias Ana Margarida G C, Roque Ana Cecília A · Biotechnology advances · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35598822

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the deadly coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and is a concerning hazard to public health. This virus infects cells by establishing a contact between its spike protein (S-protein) and host human …

• The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the deadly coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and is a concerning hazard to public health.
• This virus infects cells by establishing a contact between its spike protein (S-protein) and host human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor, subsequently initiating viral fusion.

Gatechompol Sivaporn, Kittanamongkolchai Wonngarm, Ketloy Chutitorn, Prompetchara Eakchai et al. · Nature microbiology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:36376393

Effective mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are available but need to be stored in freezers, limiting their use to countries that have appropriate storage capacity. ChulaCov19 is a prefusion non-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein-encoding, nucleoside-modified mRNA, lipid nanoparticle enc…

• Effective mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are available but need to be stored in freezers, limiting their use to countries that have appropriate storage capacity.
• ChulaCov19 is a prefusion non-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein-encoding, nucleoside-modified mRNA, lipid nanoparticle encapsulated vaccine that we report to be stable when stored at 2-8 °C for up to 3 months.

Chen Yu, Liu Qianyun, Zhou Li, Zhou You et al. · Cell insight · 2022-01-01 · PMID:37193049

The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant poses a striking threat to human society. More than 30 mutations in the Spike protein of the Omicron variant severely compromised the protective immunity elicited by either vaccination or prior infection. The persistent viral evolut…

• The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant poses a striking threat to human society.
• More than 30 mutations in the Spike protein of the Omicron variant severely compromised the protective immunity elicited by either vaccination or prior infection.

Zhang Jiantao, Ejikemeuwa Amara, Gerzanich Volodymyr, Nasr Mohamed et al. · Frontiers in microbiology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35356515

The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shocked the world due to its persistence, COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality, and the high mutability of the virus. One of the major concerns is the emergence of new viral variants that may increase viral transmission and disease severity…

• The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shocked the world due to its persistence, COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality, and the high mutability of the virus.
• One of the major concerns is the emergence of new viral variants that may increase viral transmission and disease severity.

Boretti Alberto · Natural product communications · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35287384

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced heart inflammation may originate from either COVID-19 infection or the administration of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. As pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a scavenger of free radicals, redox cofactor, and antioxidant which supports cognitive and mitoch…

• SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced heart inflammation may originate from either COVID-19 infection or the administration of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.
• As pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a scavenger of free radicals, redox cofactor, and antioxidant which supports cognitive and mitochondrial functions, supplementation with PQQ could have a positive effect to reduce heart inflammation after COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.

Robles Juan Pablo, Zamora Magdalena, Adan-Castro Elva, Siqueiros-Marquez Lourdes et al. · The Journal of biological chemistry · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35143839

Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form a critical interface between blood and tissues that maintains whole-body homeostasis. In COVID-19, disruption of the EC barrier results in edema, vascular inflammation, and coagulation, hallmarks of this severe disease. However, the mechanism…

• Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form a critical interface between blood and tissues that maintains whole-body homeostasis.
• In COVID-19, disruption of the EC barrier results in edema, vascular inflammation, and coagulation, hallmarks of this severe disease.

Zhao Yuhai, Jaber Vivian R, Lukiw Walter J · Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022-01-01 · PMID:36238082

Wang Kang, Jia Zijing, Bao Linilin, Wang Lei et al. · Nature · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35090164

Omicron (B.1.1.529), the most heavily mutated SARS-CoV-2 variant so far, is highly resistant to neutralizing antibodies, raising concerns about the effectiveness of antibody therapies and vaccines1,2. Here we examined whether sera from individuals who received two or three doses …

• Omicron (B.1.1.529), the most heavily mutated SARS-CoV-2 variant so far, is highly resistant to neutralizing antibodies, raising concerns about the effectiveness of antibody therapies and vaccines1,2.
• Here we examined whether sera from individuals who received two or three doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine could neutralize authentic Omicron.

Liu Ying, Dyall-Smith Mike, Oksanen Hanna M · The Journal of general virology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:36374180

Members of the family Pleolipoviridae are pseudo-spherical and pleomorphic archaeal viruses composed of a membrane vesicle, which encloses a DNA genome. The genome is either circular ssDNA or dsDNA, or linear dsDNA molecules of approximately 7 to 17 kilonucleotides or kbp. Typica…

• Members of the family Pleolipoviridae are pseudo-spherical and pleomorphic archaeal viruses composed of a membrane vesicle, which encloses a DNA genome.
• The genome is either circular ssDNA or dsDNA, or linear dsDNA molecules of approximately 7 to 17 kilonucleotides or kbp.

Šošić Lara, Paolucci Marta, Duda Agathe, Hasler Fabio et al. · Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2022-01-01 · PMID:34965032

INTRODUCTION: Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), substantial effort has been made to gain knowledge about the immunity elicited by infection or vaccination. METHODS: We studied the kinetics of antibodies and virus neutralisation i…

• INTRODUCTION: Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), substantial effort has been made to gain knowledge about the immunity elicited by infection or vaccination.
• METHODS: We studied the kinetics of antibodies and virus neutralisation induced by vaccination with BNT162b2 in a Swiss cohort of SARS-CoV-2 naïve (n = 40) and convalescent (n = 9) persons.

Martí Didac, Alsina Marc, Alemán Carlos, Bertran Oscar et al. · Biochimie · 2022-01-01 · PMID:34710552

Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 just started in most of the countries. However, the development of specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is not the only approach to control the virus and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) start to merit special attention as a therapeutic option to treat …

• Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 just started in most of the countries.
• However, the development of specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is not the only approach to control the virus and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) start to merit special attention as a therapeutic option to treat COVID-19 disease.

Enjuanes Luis, Sola Isabel, Zúñiga Sonia, Honrubia José M et al. · Current research in immunology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35966177

Coronaviruses (CoVs) have the largest genome among RNA viruses and store large amounts of information without genome integration as they replicate in the cell cytoplasm. The replication of the virus is a continuous process, whereas the transcription of the subgenomic mRNAs is a d…

• Coronaviruses (CoVs) have the largest genome among RNA viruses and store large amounts of information without genome integration as they replicate in the cell cytoplasm.
• The replication of the virus is a continuous process, whereas the transcription of the subgenomic mRNAs is a discontinuous one, involving a template switch, which resembles a high frequency recombination mechanism that may favor virus genome variability.

Johnson Bryan A, Zhou Yiyang, Lokugamage Kumari G, Vu Michelle N et al. · PLoS pathogens · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35728038

While SARS-CoV-2 continues to adapt for human infection and transmission, genetic variation outside of the spike gene remains largely unexplored. This study investigates a highly variable region at residues 203-205 in the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Recreating a mutation fou…

• While SARS-CoV-2 continues to adapt for human infection and transmission, genetic variation outside of the spike gene remains largely unexplored.
• This study investigates a highly variable region at residues 203-205 in the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein.

Kobashi Yurie, Shimazu Yuzo, Kawamura Takeshi, Nishikawa Yoshitaka et al. · PloS one · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35687563

The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the increase in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S1) protein and neutralizing antibody titer following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. This observational study was conducted among hea…

• The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the increase in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S1) protein and neutralizing antibody titer following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
• This observational study was conducted among healthcare workers working for a private hospital group in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

Zhang Yuanyuan, Yan Renhong, Zhou Qiang · Current opinion in structural biology · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35584583

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as a public health crisis and led to tremendous economic devastation. The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 hijacks the angiotensin converting e…

• The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as a public health crisis and led to tremendous economic devastation.
• The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 hijacks the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for virus entry, representing the initial step of viral infection.

Gupta Sneh Lata, Jaiswal Rishi Kumar · Molecular biology reports · 2022-01-01 · PMID:34988889

Coronavirus outbreak was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The pandemic has led to a devastating loss of life. It has shown us how infectious diseases can cause human existence at stake, and community health is important. The spike protein is t…

• Coronavirus outbreak was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020.
• The pandemic has led to a devastating loss of life.

Meng Bo, Abdullahi Adam, Ferreira Isabella A T M, Goonawardane Niluka et al. · Nature · 2022-01-01 · PMID:35104837

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant emerged in 20211 and has multiple mutations in its spike protein2. Here we show that the spike protein of Omicron has a higher affinity for ACE2 compared with Delta, and a marked change in its antigenicity increases Omicron's evasion of therape…

• The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant emerged in 20211 and has multiple mutations in its spike protein2.
• Here we show that the spike protein of Omicron has a higher affinity for ACE2 compared with Delta, and a marked change in its antigenicity increases Omicron's evasion of therapeutic monoclonal and vaccine-elicited polyclonal neutralizing antibodies after two doses.

Grobbelaar LM, Venter C, Pretorius E · bioRxiv / Bioscience Reports · 2021-05-13 · PMID:34089662

Key fibrin-spike interaction paper: S1 may promote microclots resistant to fibrinolysis — relevant to long COVID pathophysiology hypotheses.

• S1 induces fibrin resistant to fibrinolysis
• Amyloidogenic fibrin formation demonstrated

Pratas Diogo, Silva Jorge M · Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2021-01-29 · PMID:32730589

MOTIVATION: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused more than 14 million cases and more than half million deaths. Given the absence of implemented therapies, new analysis, diagnosis and therapeutics are of great importance. RESULTS: Analysis of SAR…

• MOTIVATION: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused more than 14 million cases and more than half million deaths.
• Given the absence of implemented therapies, new analysis, diagnosis and therapeutics are of great importance.

Kishimoto Mai, Uemura Kentaro, Sanaki Takao, Sato Akihiko et al. · Viruses · 2021-01-28 · PMID:33671076

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) utilizes host proteases, including a plasma membrane-associated transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) to cleave and activate the virus spike protein to facilitate cellular entry. Although TMPRSS2 is a well-characte…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) utilizes host proteases, including a plasma membrane-associated transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) to cleave and activate the virus spike protein to facilitate cellular entry.
• Although TMPRSS2 is a well-characterized type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP), the role of other TTSPs on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 remains to be elucidated.

Römer Rudolf A, Römer Navodya S, Wallis A Katrine · Scientific reports · 2021-01-19 · PMID:33608565

The worldwide CoVid-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented push across the whole of the scientific community to develop a potent antiviral drug and vaccine as soon as possible. Existing academic, governmental and industrial institutions and companies have engaged in large-scale …

• The worldwide CoVid-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented push across the whole of the scientific community to develop a potent antiviral drug and vaccine as soon as possible.
• Existing academic, governmental and industrial institutions and companies have engaged in large-scale screening of existing drugs, in vitro, in vivo and in silico.

Camell Christina D, Yousefzadeh Matthew J, Zhu Yi, Prata Larissa G P Langhi et al. · Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2021-01-16 · PMID:34103349

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the pronounced vulnerability of the elderly and chronically ill to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced morbidity and mortality. Cellular senescence contributes to inflammation, multiple chronic diseases, and age-…

• The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the pronounced vulnerability of the elderly and chronically ill to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced morbidity and mortality.
• Cellular senescence contributes to inflammation, multiple chronic diseases, and age-related dysfunction, but effects on responses to viral infection are unclear.

Gong Yanqiu, Qin Suideng, Dai Lunzhi, Tian Zhixin · Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021-01-15 · PMID:34782609

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected more than 235 million individuals and led to more than 4.8 million deaths worldwide as of October 5 2021. Cryo-electron microscopy…

• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected more than 235 million individuals and led to more than 4.8 million deaths worldwide as of October 5 2021.
• Cryo-electron microscopy and topology show that the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes lots of highly glycosylated proteins, such as spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and ORF3a proteins, which are responsible for host recognition, penetration, binding, recycling and pathogenesis.

Dorward David A, Russell Clark D, Um In Hwa, Elshani Mustafa et al. · American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2021-01-15 · PMID:33217246

Rationale: In life-threatening coronavirus disease (COVID-19), corticosteroids reduce mortality, suggesting that immune responses have a causal role in death. Whether this deleterious inflammation is primarily a direct reaction to the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome…

• Rationale: In life-threatening coronavirus disease (COVID-19), corticosteroids reduce mortality, suggesting that immune responses have a causal role in death.
• Whether this deleterious inflammation is primarily a direct reaction to the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or an independent immunopathologic process is unknown.Objectives: To determine SARS-CoV-2 organotropism and organ-specific inflammatory responses and the relationships among viral presence, inflammation, and organ injury.Methods: Tissue was acquired from 11 detailed postmortem examinations.

Pucci Fabrizio, Annoni Filippo, Dos Santos Robson Augusto Souza, Taccone Fabio Silvio et al. · Cells · 2021-01-14 · PMID:34685735

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in a wide series of physiological processes, among which inflammation and blood pressure regulation. One of its key components, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, has been identified as the entry point of the SARS-CoV-2 vi…

• The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in a wide series of physiological processes, among which inflammation and blood pressure regulation.
• One of its key components, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, has been identified as the entry point of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into the host cells, and therefore a lot of research has been devoted to study RAS dysregulation in COVID-19.

Massey Steven E · Acta biotheoretica · 2021-01-13 · PMID:34902063

Viruses are the simplest of pathogens, but possess sophisticated molecular mechanisms to manipulate host behavior, frequently utilizing molecular mimicry. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been shown to bind to the host receptor neuropilin-1 in orde…

• Viruses are the simplest of pathogens, but possess sophisticated molecular mechanisms to manipulate host behavior, frequently utilizing molecular mimicry.
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been shown to bind to the host receptor neuropilin-1 in order to gain entry into the cell.

Zhu Yunkai, Feng Fei, Hu Gaowei, Wang Yuyan et al. · Nature communications · 2021-01-11 · PMID:33574281

The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 is posing major public health challenges. One feature of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the insertion of multi-basic residues at the S1/S2 subunit cleavage site. Here, we find that the virus with intact spike (Sfull) preferentially enters cells via fu…

• The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 is posing major public health challenges.
• One feature of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the insertion of multi-basic residues at the S1/S2 subunit cleavage site.

Meyer Keith, Patra Tapas, Vijayamahantesh, Ray Ranjit · Journal of virology · 2021-01-10 · PMID:34160250

Increased mortality in COVID-19 cases is often associated with microvascular complications. We have recently shown that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein promotes an inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6)/IL-6R-induced trans signaling …

• Increased mortality in COVID-19 cases is often associated with microvascular complications.
• We have recently shown that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein promotes an inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6)/IL-6R-induced trans signaling response and alarmin secretion.

Gaebler Christian, Wang Zijun, Lorenzi Julio C C, Muecksch Frauke et al. · Nature · 2021-01-01 · PMID:33461210

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected 78 million individuals and is responsible for over 1.7 million deaths to date. Infection is associated with the development of variable levels of antibodies with neutralizing activity, which can protect aga…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected 78 million individuals and is responsible for over 1.7 million deaths to date.
• Infection is associated with the development of variable levels of antibodies with neutralizing activity, which can protect against infection in animal models1,2.

Satta Sandro, Lai Angela, Cavallero Susana, Williamson Cayden et al. · Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34687279

Activation of endothelial cells following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is thought to be the primary driver for the increasingly recognized thrombotic complications in coronavirus disease 2019 patients, potentially due to the SARS-CoV-2 Sp…

• Activation of endothelial cells following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is thought to be the primary driver for the increasingly recognized thrombotic complications in coronavirus disease 2019 patients, potentially due to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2).
• Vaccination therapies use the same Spike sequence or protein to boost host immune response as a protective mechanism against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Kemp Steven A, Collier Dami A, Datir Rawlings P, Ferreira Isabella A T M et al. · Nature · 2021-01-01 · PMID:33545711

The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for virus infection through the engagement of the human ACE2 protein1 and is a major antibody target. Here we show that chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to viral evolution and red…

• The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for virus infection through the engagement of the human ACE2 protein1 and is a major antibody target.
• Here we show that chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to viral evolution and reduced sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies in an immunosuppressed individual treated with convalescent plasma, by generating whole-genome ultra-deep sequences for 23 time points that span 101 days and using in vitro techniques to characterize the mutations revealed by sequencing.

Tang Yan, Hu Longtai, Liu Yi, Zhou Bangyi et al. · International journal of medical sciences · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34522180

Importance: Despite the availability of a vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans will have to live with this virus and the after-effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection for a long time. Cholesterol plays an im…

• Importance: Despite the availability of a vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans will have to live with this virus and the after-effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection for a long time.
• Cholesterol plays an important role in the infection and prognosis of SARS-CoV-2, and the study of its mechanism is of great significance not only for the treatment of COVID-19 but also for research on generic antiviral drugs.

Braga Luca, Ali Hashim, Secco Ilaria, Chiavacci Elena et al. · Nature · 2021-01-01 · PMID:33827113

COVID-19 is a disease with unique characteristics that include lung thrombosis1, frequent diarrhoea2, abnormal activation of the inflammatory response3 and rapid deterioration of lung function consistent with alveolar oedema4. The pathological substrate for these findings remains…

• COVID-19 is a disease with unique characteristics that include lung thrombosis1, frequent diarrhoea2, abnormal activation of the inflammatory response3 and rapid deterioration of lung function consistent with alveolar oedema4.
• The pathological substrate for these findings remains unknown.

Shi Aria C, Xie Xuping · Science China. Life sciences · 2021-01-01 · PMID:33587268

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has evolved to adapt to human host and transmission over the past 12 months. One prominent adaptive mutation is the asparagine-to-glycine…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has evolved to adapt to human host and transmission over the past 12 months.
• One prominent adaptive mutation is the asparagine-to-glycine substitution at amino acid position 614 in the viral spike protein (D614G), which has become dominant in the currently circulating virus strains.

Kumar Swatantra, Saxena Shailendra K · Methods (San Diego, Calif.) · 2021-01-01 · PMID:33737214

Recent emergence of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transpired into pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 has been rapidly transmitted across the globe within a short period of time, with more than 106 million cases and 2.3 million …

• Recent emergence of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transpired into pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
• SARS-CoV-2 has been rapidly transmitted across the globe within a short period of time, with more than 106 million cases and 2.3 million deaths.

Brown Matthew, Bhardwaj Nina · Nature reviews. Immunology · 2021-01-01 · PMID:33432128

This preprint further characterizes a superantigen motif identified in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and evaluates a monoclonal antibody targeting this region that can neutralize live virus.

• This preprint further characterizes a superantigen motif identified in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and evaluates a monoclonal antibody targeting this region that can neutralize live virus.

Theoharides T C, Conti P · Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34100279

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the rapid production of vaccines aimed at the production of neutralizing antibodies against the COVID-19 spike protein required for the corona virus binding to target cells. The best well-known vaccines have utilized either mRNA or an adenovirus…

• The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the rapid production of vaccines aimed at the production of neutralizing antibodies against the COVID-19 spike protein required for the corona virus binding to target cells.
• The best well-known vaccines have utilized either mRNA or an adenovirus vector to direct human cells to produce the spike protein against which the body produces mostly neutralizing antibodies.

Du Lanying, Yang Yang, Zhang Xiujuan · Cellular & molecular immunology · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34497376

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) initiates the infection process by binding to the viral cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 through the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the S1 subunit of the viral spike (S) protein. This event is followe…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) initiates the infection process by binding to the viral cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 through the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the S1 subunit of the viral spike (S) protein.
• This event is followed by virus-cell membrane fusion mediated by the S2 subunit, which allows virus entry into the host cell.

Kumavath Ranjith, Barh Debmalya, Andrade Bruno Silva, Imchen Madangchanok et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34305894

The Spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is critical for its ability to attach and fuse into the host cells, leading to infection, and transmission. In this review, we have initially performed a meta-analysis of keywords associated with the S protein to frame the outline of …

• The Spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is critical for its ability to attach and fuse into the host cells, leading to infection, and transmission.
• In this review, we have initially performed a meta-analysis of keywords associated with the S protein to frame the outline of important research findings and directions related to it.

Daher Jalil · Biomedical reports · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34667599

It is hypothesized that several comorbidities increase the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. Cardiovascular disease including hypertension was shown to play a critical role in the severity of COVID-19 infection by affecting the survival of patients with COVID-19. Hypertension and th…

• It is hypothesized that several comorbidities increase the severity of COVID-19 symptoms.
• Cardiovascular disease including hypertension was shown to play a critical role in the severity of COVID-19 infection by affecting the survival of patients with COVID-19.

Cimolai Nevio · Clinical hematology international · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34595467

In the absence of effective antiviral chemotherapy and still in the context of emerging vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 infections, passive immunotherapy remains a key treatment and possible prevention strategy. What might initially be conceived as a simplifi…

• In the absence of effective antiviral chemotherapy and still in the context of emerging vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 infections, passive immunotherapy remains a key treatment and possible prevention strategy.
• What might initially be conceived as a simplified donor-recipient process, the intricacies of donor plasma, IV immunoglobulins, and monoclonal antibody modality applications are becoming more apparent.

Almehdi Ahmed M, Khoder Ghalia, Alchakee Aminah S, Alsayyid Azizeh T et al. · Infection · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34339040

PURPOSE: COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a result of infection by the deadly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing enormous threats to humans. Coronaviruses are distinguished by a clove-like spike (S) protein, which plays a key role in …

• PURPOSE: COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a result of infection by the deadly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing enormous threats to humans.
• Coronaviruses are distinguished by a clove-like spike (S) protein, which plays a key role in viral pathogenesis, evolutions, and transmission.

Xiang Yusen, Wang Mengge, Chen Hongzhuan, Chen Lili · Biochemical pharmacology · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34371003

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has quickly spread around the globe. At present, there is no precise and effective treatment for the patients with COVID-19, so rapid development of drugs is urgently needed in order …

• The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has quickly spread around the globe.
• At present, there is no precise and effective treatment for the patients with COVID-19, so rapid development of drugs is urgently needed in order to contain the highly infectious disease.

Reis Celso A, Tauber Rudolf, Blanchard Véronique · Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34023935

SARS-CoV-2 causes the respiratory syndrome COVID-19 and is responsible for the current pandemic. The S protein of SARS-CoV-2-mediating virus binding to target cells and subsequent viral uptake is extensively glycosylated. Here we focus on how glycosylation of both SARS-CoV-2 and …

• SARS-CoV-2 causes the respiratory syndrome COVID-19 and is responsible for the current pandemic.
• The S protein of SARS-CoV-2-mediating virus binding to target cells and subsequent viral uptake is extensively glycosylated.

Hammarström Lennart, Marcotte Harold, Piralla Antonio, Baldanti Fausto et al. · Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34570010

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide an update of the current state of antibody therapy for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection that has progressed immensely in a very short time period. RECENT FINDINGS: Limited clinical effect of classical passive immunotherapy (p…

• PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide an update of the current state of antibody therapy for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection that has progressed immensely in a very short time period.
• RECENT FINDINGS: Limited clinical effect of classical passive immunotherapy (plasma therapy, hyperimmune immunoglobulin [IgG] preparations) whereas monoclonal antibody therapy, if initiated early in the disease process, shows promising results.

Conti P, Pregliasco F E, Calvisi V, Caraffa Al et al. · Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents · 2021-01-01 · PMID:33904269

Acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) which is associated with inflammation, thrombosis edema, hemorrhage, intra-alveolar fibrin deposition, and vascular and pulmonary damage. In COVID-19, the coronavirus…

• Acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) which is associated with inflammation, thrombosis edema, hemorrhage, intra-alveolar fibrin deposition, and vascular and pulmonary damage.
• In COVID-19, the coronavirus activates macrophages by inducing the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF] that can damage endothelial cells, activate platelets and neutrophils to produce thromboxane A2 (TxA2), and mediate thrombus generation.

Kordyukova Larisa V, Shanko Andrey V · Biochemistry. Biokhimiia · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34284707

COVID-19, a new human respiratory disease that has killed nearly 3 million people in a year since the start of the pandemic, is a global public health challenge. Its infectious agent, SARS-CoV-2, differs from other coronaviruses in a number of structural features that make this v…

• COVID-19, a new human respiratory disease that has killed nearly 3 million people in a year since the start of the pandemic, is a global public health challenge.
• Its infectious agent, SARS-CoV-2, differs from other coronaviruses in a number of structural features that make this virus more pathogenic and transmissible.

Zeng Cong, Evans John P, King Tiffany, Zheng Yi-Min et al. · bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34100011

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible coronavirus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic. Herein we provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell-cell contact in cultures, mediated by the spike glycoprotein. SARS-CoV-…

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible coronavirus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic.
• Herein we provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell-cell contact in cultures, mediated by the spike glycoprotein.

Lednicky John A, Tagliamonte Massimiliano S, White Sarah K, Elbadry Maha A et al. · Nature · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34789872

Coronaviruses have caused three major epidemics since 2003, including the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In each case, the emergence of coronavirus in our species has been associated with zoonotic transmissions from animal reservoirs1,2, underscoring how prone such pathogens are to…

• Coronaviruses have caused three major epidemics since 2003, including the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
• In each case, the emergence of coronavirus in our species has been associated with zoonotic transmissions from animal reservoirs1,2, underscoring how prone such pathogens are to spill over and adapt to new species.

Saadi Fareeha, Pal Debnath, Sarma Jayasri Das · Annals of neurosciences · 2021-01-01 · PMID:35341224

BACKGROUND: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are single-stranded, polyadenylated, enveloped RNA of positive polarity with a unique potential to alter host tropism. This has been exceptionally demonstrated by the emergence of deadly virus outbreaks of the past: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndro…

• BACKGROUND: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are single-stranded, polyadenylated, enveloped RNA of positive polarity with a unique potential to alter host tropism.
• This has been exceptionally demonstrated by the emergence of deadly virus outbreaks of the past: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) in 2003 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) in 2012.

Sun Xiaoman, Li Dandi, Duan Zhaojun · Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2021-01-01 · PMID:34307449

Rotavirus (RV) is an important pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis in young humans and animals. Attachment to the host receptor is a crucial step for the virus infection. The recent advances in illustrating the interactions between RV and glycans promoted our understanding of …

• Rotavirus (RV) is an important pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis in young humans and animals.
• Attachment to the host receptor is a crucial step for the virus infection.

Jiang Shibo, Zhang Xiujuan, Du Lanying · Expert opinion on therapeutic targets · 2021-01-01 · PMID:32941780

Grifoni Alba, Weiskopf Daniela, Ramirez Sydney I, Mateus Jose et al. · Cell · 2020-01-25 · PMID:32473127

Understanding adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is important for vaccine development, interpreting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis, and calibration of pandemic control measures. Using HLA class I and II predicted peptide "megapools," circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific…

• Understanding adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is important for vaccine development, interpreting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis, and calibration of pandemic control measures.
• Using HLA class I and II predicted peptide "megapools," circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were identified in ∼70% and 100% of COVID-19 convalescent patients, respectively.

Milani Gregorio Paolo, Dioni Laura, Favero Chiara, Cantone Laura et al. · Scientific reports · 2020-01-18 · PMID:33208819

SARS-CoV-2 symptoms are non-specific and can range from asymptomatic presentation to severe pneumonia. Asymptomatic subjects carrying SARS-CoV-2 often remain undiagnosed and it is still debated whether they develop immunoglobulins (Ig) and how long they persist. The aim of this s…

• SARS-CoV-2 symptoms are non-specific and can range from asymptomatic presentation to severe pneumonia.
• Asymptomatic subjects carrying SARS-CoV-2 often remain undiagnosed and it is still debated whether they develop immunoglobulins (Ig) and how long they persist.

Pomplun Sebastian · RSC medicinal chemistry · 2020-01-17 · PMID:34041482

Coronavirus disease-19, caused by the novel β-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has created a global pandemic unseen in a century. Rapid worldwide efforts have enabled the characterization of the virus and its pathogenic mechanism. An early key finding is that SARS-CoV-2 uses spike protein…

• Coronavirus disease-19, caused by the novel β-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has created a global pandemic unseen in a century.
• Rapid worldwide efforts have enabled the characterization of the virus and its pathogenic mechanism.

Samrat Subodh Kumar, Tharappel Anil M, Li Zhong, Li Hongmin · Virus research · 2020-01-15 · PMID:32846196

The recent outbreak of the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has become a significant concern to public health care worldwide. As of August 19, 2020, more than 22,140,472 people are infected, and over 781,135 people have died due to this deadly virus. In the USA alone, over 5,482,602 pe…

• The recent outbreak of the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has become a significant concern to public health care worldwide.
• As of August 19, 2020, more than 22,140,472 people are infected, and over 781,135 people have died due to this deadly virus.

Ng Kevin W, Faulkner Nikhil, Cornish Georgina H, Rosa Annachiara et al. · Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2020-01-11 · PMID:33159009

Zoonotic introduction of novel coronaviruses may encounter preexisting immunity in humans. Using diverse assays for antibodies recognizing SARS-CoV-2 proteins, we detected preexisting humoral immunity. SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S)-reactive antibodies were detectable using a …

• Zoonotic introduction of novel coronaviruses may encounter preexisting immunity in humans.
• Using diverse assays for antibodies recognizing SARS-CoV-2 proteins, we detected preexisting humoral immunity.

Twomey Julianne D, Luo Shen, Dean Alexis Q, Bozza William P et al. · Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy · 2020-01-01 · PMID:33161277

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents an unprecedented challenge to global public health. At the time of this review, COVID-19 has been diagnosed in over 40 million cases and associated with 1.1 million deaths wo…

• The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents an unprecedented challenge to global public health.
• At the time of this review, COVID-19 has been diagnosed in over 40 million cases and associated with 1.1 million deaths worldwide.

Hussain Arif, Hasan Anwarul, Nejadi Babadaei Mohammad Mahdi, Bloukh Samir Haj et al. · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2020-01-01 · PMID:32768882

As the number of people infected with the newly identified 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) is continuously increasing every day, development of potential therapeutic platforms is vital. Based on the comparatively high similarity of receptor-binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV2 an…

• As the number of people infected with the newly identified 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) is continuously increasing every day, development of potential therapeutic platforms is vital.
• Based on the comparatively high similarity of receptor-binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV2 and SARS-CoV, it seems crucial to assay the cross-reactivity of anti-SARS-CoV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with SARS-CoV2 spike (S)-protein.

He Wan-Ting, Ji Xiang, He Wei, Dellicour Simon et al. · Molecular biology and evolution · 2020-01-01 · PMID:32407507

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has shown once again that coronavirus (CoV) in animals are potential sources for epidemics in humans. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogen of swine with a worldwide distributio…

• The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has shown once again that coronavirus (CoV) in animals are potential sources for epidemics in humans.
• Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogen of swine with a worldwide distribution.

Xia Shuai, Liu Meiqin, Wang Chao, Xu Wei et al. · Cell research · 2020-01-01 · PMID:32231345

The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China has posed a serious threat to global public health. To develop specific anti-coronavirus therapeutics and prophylactics, the molecular mechanism that underlies viral infection mus…

• The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China has posed a serious threat to global public health.
• To develop specific anti-coronavirus therapeutics and prophylactics, the molecular mechanism that underlies viral infection must first be defined.

Bamford Dennis H, Pietilä Maija K, Roine Elina, Atanasova Nina S et al. · The Journal of general virology · 2017-01-01 · PMID:29125455

Members of the family Pleolipoviridae (termed pleolipoviruses) are pseudo-spherical and pleomorphic archaeal viruses. The enveloped virion is a simple membrane vesicle, which encloses different types of DNA genomes of approximately 7-16 kbp (or kilonucleotides). Typically, virion…

• Members of the family Pleolipoviridae (termed pleolipoviruses) are pseudo-spherical and pleomorphic archaeal viruses.
• The enveloped virion is a simple membrane vesicle, which encloses different types of DNA genomes of approximately 7-16 kbp (or kilonucleotides).

Du Lanying, Yang Yang, Zhou Yusen, Lu Lu et al. · Expert opinion on therapeutic targets · 2017-01-01 · PMID:27936982

The continual Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) threat highlights the importance of developing effective antiviral therapeutics to prevent and treat MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. A surface spike (S) protein guides MERS-CoV entry into host cells by binding to cellul…

• The continual Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) threat highlights the importance of developing effective antiviral therapeutics to prevent and treat MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection.
• A surface spike (S) protein guides MERS-CoV entry into host cells by binding to cellular receptor dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), followed by fusion between virus and host cell membranes.

Ramani Sasirekha, Hu Liya, Venkataram Prasad B V, Estes Mary K · Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology · 2016-01-01 · PMID:28090561

Interaction with cellular glycans is a critical initial step in the pathogenesis of many infectious agents. Technological advances in glycobiology have expanded the repertoire of studies delineating host glycan-pathogen interactions. For rotavirus, the VP8* domain of the outer ca…

• Interaction with cellular glycans is a critical initial step in the pathogenesis of many infectious agents.
• Technological advances in glycobiology have expanded the repertoire of studies delineating host glycan-pathogen interactions.

Tekes G, Thiel H-J · Advances in virus research · 2016-01-01 · PMID:27712624

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) belongs to the few animal virus diseases in which, in the course of a generally harmless persistent infection, a virus acquires a small number of mutations that fundamentally change its pathogenicity, invariably resulting in a fatal outcome. Th…

• Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) belongs to the few animal virus diseases in which, in the course of a generally harmless persistent infection, a virus acquires a small number of mutations that fundamentally change its pathogenicity, invariably resulting in a fatal outcome.
• The causative agent of this deadly disease, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), arises from feline enteric coronavirus (FECV).